-(Ecological distribution of stream macroalgal communities from "Parque Nacional de Itatiaia", states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Itatiaia National Park (INP) includes two kinds of Brazilian vegetation within its limits: Atlantic tropical rainforest (AF) and highland grassland (HG). Fourteen sites were sampled, seven in each region (AF and HG), in two seasons (summer and winter). Twenty nine species of macroalgae were surveyed, from which 15 in AF and 19 in HG, with only five species in common. Species richness per sampling site ranged from 1 to 7 (2.9 ± 2.0), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') from 0 to 0.94 (0.24 ± 0.26) and percent cover from 0 to 35% (14.0 ± 12.5%). These values fitted within the range reported in previous studies on lotic macroalgae. Multiple regression analysis revealed that temperature variations accounted for 39.2% of abundance and 35.5% of species richness variations and also that 54.8% of diversity variations were explained by variations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and pH. Cluster analysis of macroalgal communities of INP did not group sites from the same regions (AF and HG). Principal Component Analysis clearly separated the sampling sites of the two regions, as well as of the two seasons (summer and winter), mostly influenced by temperature, shading, pH, altitude, potassium and COD. The general patterns of patchy distribution and dominance by few species described for lotic macroalgal communities were corroborated by data from INP, suggesting that they seem to be universal for such communities.Key-words -Atlantic rainforest, distribution, highland grassland, lotic ecosystem, macroalgae RESUMO -(Distribuição ecológica de comunidades de macroalgas de ambientes lóticos do Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (RJ, MG), Brasil). O Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (PNI) inclui duas formações vegetais brasileiras em seus limites: floresta pluvial tropical atlântica (MA) e campos de altitude (CA). Foram amostrados 14 pontos, sete em cada formação vegetal, em duas estações do ano (verão e inverno). Foram encontradas 29 espécies de macroalgas, sendo 15 espécies em MA e 19 espécies em CA, com apenas cinco espécies em comum. A riqueza de espécies por ponto de amostragem variou de 1 a 7 (2,9 ± 2,0), o índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H') de 0 a 0,94 (0,24 ± 0,26) e a cobertura percentual de 0 a 35% (14,0 ± 12,5%). Estes valores situaram-se dentro da amplitude reportada em trabalhos prévios sobre macroalgas lóticas. A análise de regressão múltipla revelou que as variações de temperatura explicaram 39,2% da variação da abundância e 35,5% da riqueza de espécies a ainda que 54,8% da variação da diversidade foi explicada por Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e pH. Análise de grupamento das comunidades de macroalgas do PNI não agrupou pontos das mesmas regiões (MA e CA). Análise de Componentes Principais separou claramente os pontos amostrados das regiões de MA e CA, bem como das estações do ano estudadas (inverno e verão), influenciados mais fortemente pela temperatura, sombre...
After tooth extractions the alveolar bone reabsorbs due to the lack of mechanical loading of the mastication. Such reabsorption hinders the rehabilitation of edentulous patients due to possible non-adaptation of the prosthesis and lack of height for implants, causing various health damages. To minimize reabsorption grafts can be used at the time of extraction, in the alveolus. These grafts may be autogenous, mainly removed from the patient's mental region, or alogens, extracted from the devitalized bovine bone matrix. The objective of this literature review is to show the advantages and disadvantages of each type of graft.
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