Therefore, pharmacological treatment of periodontitis should aim to reduce the release of proinflammatory agents not only from classical inflammatory cells but also from periodontal ligament cells.

Vitamin D3 promotes osteogenic differentiation but also downregulates inflammation promoter-induced IL-6 cytokine and CXCL1 chemokine expression in human PDL cells, suggesting that vitamin D3 both stimulates bone regeneration and antagonizes inflammation in human periodontal tissue.