suggests that extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT) is safe and effective for treating several musculoskeletal disorders. ä Two types of technical principles are usually included in ESWT: focused ESWT (F-ESWT) and radial pressure waves (RPW). These 2 technologies differ with respect to their generation devices, physical characteristics, and mechanism of action but share several indications. ä Strong evidence supports the use of ESWT in calcifying tendinopathy of the shoulder and plantar fasciitis. ä The best evidence for the use of ESWT was obtained with low to medium energy levels for tendon disorders as well as with a high energy level for tendon calcification and bone pathologies in a comprehensive rehabilitation framework.
Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal pathologies. Treatment by ESWT (extracorporeal shockwave therapy) has emerged as an alternative when conservative treatment fails in rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy, prior to invasive procedures. The clinical efficacy of ESWT in non-calcific tendinopathy remains controversial. The good results in the treatment of rotator cuff calcifications, have led to indications of ESWT being expanded to other shoulder pathologies. We review the current state of indications and evidence based practice.
BackgroundThe medial coracoclavicular ligament (MCCL), is a structure that shows defined morphologic and histologic features. However, little attention has been paid to the MCCL to date. This study was conducted to (1) determine whether the MCCL is a constant structure, (2) analyze its mechanical properties, and (3) determine its possible role in acromioclavicular (AC) stability.MethodsAC joints, lateral coracoclavicular ligaments (LCCLs; conoid and trapezoid), and MCCLs were dissected in 30 fresh frozen upper limbs. In 6 of these specimens, we performed a sequential sectioning following the aforementioned order. A 20-N cephalad force was applied to the lateral clavicle at each step, recording the AC distance and coracoclavicular space and their variation. In 6 other specimens, we evaluated the anteroposterior motion of the clavicle following the MCCL section. Biomechanical testing was performed in 8 specimens, comparing the resistance of the MCCL to the LCCLs.ResultsThe MCCL in all of the specimens featured a sharp-edge bundle stretching from the coracoid process to the clavicle and subclavius sheath. It showed ligament-like mechanical properties although less tensile resistance than the LCCLs. Once the AC and LCCLs were sectioned, transection of the MCCL determined a significant increase in both cephalad and posterior displacement.ConclusionThe MCCL is a constant structure with the mechanical behavior of a ligament. It may act as the last container of the coracoclavicular space both in cephalad and posterior directions, precluding additional displacement in the absence of the LCCLs.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.