Work-family research employing nationally representative samples and multiple methods of data collection is uncommon. We used data from two affiliated national surveys to examine the distribution of work-family spillover among working adults. The National Study of Daily Experiences (n ϭ 741), an 8-day daily diary study using a subsample of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS; N ϭ 2,130), allowed work-family spillover to be conceptualized and operationalized in different ways. Analyses testing family life course hypotheses indicated that self-reported negative and positive spillover between work and family were not randomly distributed within the labor force. Age was found to have a persistent curvilinear effect on negative spillover between work and family. The prevalence of co-occurring work and family stress reported over 8 days was comparable across nearly all the sociodemographic characteristics.

Although Contingency Management has been shown to be effective in substance use treatments, community adoption has been slow. In order to increase dissemination of contingency management (CM) into community practice, two community treatment programs collaborated with university faculty investigators to design, implement, and evaluate low-cost, prize-based CM interventions delivered by treatment staff using Petry's (2000) fishbowl technique. A pre-post study design was used to evaluate the impact of CM on outpatient group attendance. All clients attending the targeted outpatient groups at both treatment programs were eligible to participate. Group attendance was significantly positively impacted after intervention implementation. This is one of the first studies demonstrating successful implementation of CM by community treatment program counselors within their existing treatment groups. The discussion focuses on practical lessons learned during the planning and implementation of the interventions.

Rhythm is so pervasive in our lives that we hardly notice its presence. We feel it in our hearts, hear it in our music and speech, see it in our art and architec ture, and experience it in our motions. It is evidenced in nature most obviously by the moon, the sun, the stars, the passing of night and day, the shifting tides, and the changing of the seasons (Fogarty, 1937). Rhythm is the measured rep etition of recurring events in a regular, sequential, and predictive pattern over time (Fraenkel, 1994). The ebb and flow of the week, with its beginning and end, work days and rest days-and then having to do it all over again-sug gests a rhythm. Conceptualizing the weekly calendar as circular and recurring provides us with a template to organize our activities in a way that is some what predictable (Zerubavel, 1985). In this chapter we discuss how the social temporal rhythm of the week plays a vital role in how families experience daily life.The days of the week powerfully influence how we structure our time. According to Larsen and Kasimatis (1990) this is because "The day of the week tells us much about what will happen in our immediate future. The

This study used an ecological perspective to examine how daily variation in the time fathers spend in child-care activities was related to emotionally supportive or conflictual father-child interactions and whether fathers' negative mood moderated these associations. Data for the present analyses were from 2 daily diary studies. Both studies asked fathers to report about their daily experiences with their children, including how much time they spent with them and whether or not they had any supportive interactions or conflictual interactions. The first study used daily self-report questionnaires from a sample of fathers in rural upstate New York, and the second study used daily telephone interviews from a national sample of fathers. Results from a series of hierarchical linear models showed that fathers were more likely to have supportive and conflictual interactions on days when they spent more time engaged in child-care activities. The association between time with children and conflictual interactions was greater on days when fathers were in a negative mood. Negative mood did not moderate the association between time with children and emotionally supportive interactions. The

Shared decision making (SDM) is not widely practiced in routine care due to a variety of organizational, provider, patient, and contextual factors. This article explores how implementation science—which encourages attention to the multilevel contextual factors that influence the adoption, implementation, and sustainment of health care practices—can provide useful insights for increasing SDM use in routine practice. We engaged with stakeholders representing different organizations and geographic locations over three phases: 1) multidisciplinary workgroup meeting comprising researchers and clinicians (n = 11); 2) survey among a purposive sample of 47 patient advocates, clinicians, health care system leaders, funders, policymakers, and researchers; and 3) working session among diverse stakeholders (n = 30). The workgroup meeting identified priorities for action and research, which included targeting multiple audiences and levels, shifting culture toward valuing and supporting SDM, and considering contextual factors influencing SDM implementation. Survey respondents provided recommendations for increasing adoption, implementation, and maintenance of SDM in practice including providing tools to support SDM, obtaining stakeholders’ involvement, and raising awareness of the importance of SDM. Stakeholders in the working session provided recommendations on the design of a guide for implementation of SDM in clinical settings, strategies to disseminate educational curricula on SDM, and strategies to influence policies to increase SDM use. These specific recommendations serve as a call to action to pursuing specific promising strategies aimed at increasing SDM use in practice and enhance understanding of the perspectives of diverse stakeholders at multiple levels from an implementation science perspective that appear fruitful for further study and application.