Background and Aim: Infliximab (IFX) is a monoclonal antibody licensed to treat medically refractory Crohn's disease (CD). Our aim was to elucidate the effects of IFX therapy on clinical, growth and serum parameters in children with CD in a single pediatric center in Sydney, Australia. Methods: A retrospective case series review of children treated with IFX for CD at Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia was undertaken, with a review of outcomes after starting IFX. Main outcome measures were response and remission (as measured according to improvements in Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index scores and Physician Global Assessment), laboratory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, white cell count, lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, albumin) and growth (Z scores). Results: The 16 patients included had a mean age at first infusion of 13.0 years (1.25-17.5 years). Six of 12 patients (with adequate data available) were in remission at 2 weeks following the first infusion. At 1 year, 10 of 12 patients (83%) were in remission. Mean C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate had fallen significantly (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks (from 29 to 7 mg/L and 40 to 19 mm/h, respectively). Positive trends were observed for all other parameters, excluding lymphocytes and white cell count. At 1 year, mean Z score for body mass index improved significantly from -0.9 to -0.1 (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Disease activity subsides in most children treated with IFX for CD. IFX therapy also improves some growth parameters. The pattern of improvement requires further elucidation, as the results in the present study suggest differing dosing frequency of infusion may achieve better efficacy.

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Background Morbidity & Mortality (M&M) meetings are a critical component of clinical governance. They have the potential to improve patient outcomes, quality of care, attitudes towards patient safety and they contribute to the education of clinical staff. This study aimed to evaluate individual surgeons’ experience of these meetings, and to explore their perceived usefulness and barriers to open discussion of adverse outcomes. Methods Consultant general surgeons in London, United Kingdom, were invited to anonymously complete an online survey consisting of 18 key items. Results Invitations were sent to 323 consultant surgeons from 19 NHS Trusts. Responses were received from 109 (33.7%), of which 99 (90.8%) answered all key items. Seventy-two of 104 (69.2%) attend almost all or all M&M meetings. These were rated as being more conducive for learning than for service improvement ( p = 0.001). On a scale of 1 to 10 (10 = fearless), 41 of 105 (39.0%) rated as ≤5 the fearfulness of legal or other negative repercussions resulting from open discussion of complications/mortalities. Ninety-eight respondents gave a median rating of 10 (IQR: 8–10) for willingness to talk openly about their complications/mortalities (10 = willing/able). Conclusions Many surgeons in London do not routinely attend M&M meetings, despite these occurring within ‘protected time’. There may be a willingness to talk openly about complications, though there exists a fear of litigation. The nature, content and learning potential of such open M&M discussions should be explored in future research.

Background: Laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) is a common surgical emergency procedure mainly performed by trainees. The aim was to develop a step-wise structured virtual reality (VR) curriculum for LA to allow junior surgeons to hone their skills in a safe and controlled environment.Methods: A prospective randomized study was designed using a high-fidelity VR simulator.Thirty-five novices and 25 experts participated in the assessment and their performances were compared to assess construct validity. Learning curve analysis was performed.Results: Five of the psychomotor tasks and all appendicectomy tasks showed construct validity. Learning was demonstrated in the majority of construct-valid tasks. A novel goaldirected VR curriculum for LA was constructed. Conclusions:A step-wise structured VR curriculum for LA is proposed with a framework which includes computer generated metrics and supports deliberate practice, spacing intervals, human instruction/feedback and assessment. Future study should test the feasibility of its implementation and transferability of acquired skill.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours are a rare form of intra-abdominal neoplasm derived from mesenchymal tissue, typically presenting with abdominal pain, anaemia or bleeding into the bowel or abdominal cavity. Hypercalcaemia is an unusual complication, having been documented in only seven previous patients, all of whom had advanced metastatic disease. We present a case of treatment-resistant hypercalcaemia in a patient with non-metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour, which resolved following excision of the tumour.