During the development of a genetically modified (GM) crop product, extensive phenotypic and agronomic data are collected to characterize the plant in comparison to a conventional control with a similar genetic background. The data are evaluated for potential differences resulting from the genetic modification process or the GM trait, and the differences--if any--are subsequently considered in the context of contributing to the pest potential of the GM crop. Ultimately, these study results and those of other studies are used in an ecological risk assessment of the GM crop. In the studies reported here, seed germination, vegetative and reproductive growth, and pollen morphology of Roundup Ready 2 Yield(®) soybean, MON 89788, were compared to those of A3244, a conventional control soybean variety with the same genetic background. Any statistically significant differences were considered in the context of the genetic variation known to occur in soybean and were evaluated as indicators of an effect of the genetic modification process and assessed for impact on plant pest (weed) characteristics and adverse ecological impact (ecological risk). The results of these studies revealed no effects attributable to the genetic modification process or to the GM trait in the plant that would result in increased pest potential or adverse ecological impact of MON 89788 compared with A3244. These results and the associated risk assessments obtained from diverse geographic and environmental conditions in the United States and Argentina can be used by regulators in other countries to inform various assessments of ecological risk.
several months during establishment. The financial loss due to the lack of play is significant to the golf club. Intraseeding is a popular approach for converting established golfIntraseeding is an alternative approach to establishcourse putting greens to a more desirable cultivar of the same species ment of a new turfgrass stand. The concept of intraseedwithout killing the existing turf. This study was conducted to determine the competitive success of an intraseeded creeping bentgrass (Agrostis ing is to slowly introduce, with minimal disturbance to palustris Huds.) cultivar in an established putting green using random the existing turf, a new creeping bentgrass cultivar into amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Two replicate, United an established stand of creeping bentgrass. Procedures States Golf Association (USGA) specification greens, established with for intraseeding are similar to those for winter overseed-'Penncross' creeping bentgrass, were arranged in a randomized coming of common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) plete block design with five conversion treatments as follows: control, Pers.] with a cool-season turfgrass, such as perennial scalping, coring, a trinexapac-ethyl application, and a glyphosate appliryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The difference between cation. Vertical mowing and topdressing were followed by subsequent winter overseeding and intraseeding are significant. Exseeding with 'Penn G-2' creeping bentgrass (G-2) in two directions at 12.2 kg seed ha Ϫ1 . Treatments were performed in October 1998, ploiting adaptive differences between bermudagrass April 1999, and September 1999. Pretreatment samples taken from and perennial ryegrass can favor one species more than each plot on 22 Sept. 1998 and posttreatment samples taken on 28 the other. Intraseeding creeping bentgrass into an exist-May 1999 and 24 Mar. 2000 were evaluated for changes in population ing stand, however, results in competition between indynamics using RAPD markers. By the end of the study, both glyphodividuals of the same species with few adaptive difsate-treated plots had completely shifted to G-2, while plots subjected ferences. to other treatments showed no evidence of the cultivar. The detection Factors that influence intraseeding include priority of of G-2 in samples collected on 28 May 1999 suggested that a transient emergence and gap size. Priority of emergence becomes change occurred in the scalp (Exp. 2) treatment; however, evidence an important factor in intraspecific competition. Mortalof G-2 was no longer evident on 24 Mar. 2000. Data indicated that the effectiveness of the intraseeding techniques and timings used in ity and overall growth of a population is greatly influthis study to convert putting greens to a new cultivar were quite enced by quicker developing individuals (Smoliak and limited. This may have been due to unsuccessful elimination of root
As part of an ecological risk assessment, Roundup Ready 2 Yield® soybean (MON 89788) was compared to a conventional control soybean variety, A3244, for disease and arthropod damage, plant response to abiotic stress and cold, effects on succeeding plant growth (allelopathic effects), plant response to a bacterial symbiont, and effects on the ability of seed to survive and volunteer in a subsequent growing season. Statistically significant differences between MON 89788 and A3244 were considered in the context of the genetic variation known to occur in soybean and were assessed for their potential impact on plant pest (weed) potential and adverse environmental impact. The results of these studies revealed no effects of the genetic modification that would result in increased pest potential or adverse environmental impact of MON 89788 compared with A3244. This paper illustrates how such characterization studies conducted in a range of environments where the crop is grown are used in an ecological risk assessment of the genetically modified (GM) crop. Furthermore, risk assessors and decision makers use this information when deciding whether to approve a GM crop for cultivation in-or grain import into-their country.
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