Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among medical students in Eldoret, Kenya. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study of all medical students who gave consent to participate in the study. Undertaken at Moi University's School of Medicine in Eldoret, Kenya. Comprising two hundred and fifty three (253) undergraduate medical students, with a mean age of 23.7 years (19-42, s.d. 4.1), of whom 51% were female. Measuring ADHD symptomatology using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1). Results: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms using the ASRS screener was 23.7%. This was significantly associated with being in the age-group 17-20 years compared (p<0.05). The prevalence rate was higher among females (25.6%) than among males (21.8%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Preclinical students had a higher prevalence rate of ADHD symptoms (28.7%) compared to clinical students (19.6%), but this was also not statistically significant. Using a modification of the ASRS full symptom checklist to approximate a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) ADHD diagnosis yielded a 'possible ADHD' prevalence rate of 8.7%. Of these, the inattentive type was the most common (40.9%). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms among medical students in Eldoret is very high and possibly interferes with the students' social and academic functioning. Further studies are suggested to generate information on the real ADHD prevalence in the general population and in special populations such as schools and colleges.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-reported attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among university students in Eldoret, Kenya. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study of all students who gave consent to participate in the study. Setting: Moi University's Town Campus, comprising the Schools of Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health. Subjects: Four hundred and fifty eight undergraduate students, with a mean age of 23.7 years (17-46, S.D. 4.1), of whom 236 (51.5%) were male. Main outcome measures: Presence of ADHD symptoms as measured by the adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS versus 1.1). Results: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms was 21.8%. This was significantly associated with belonging to a younger age-group (17-20 years) compared to the older age-groups (p<0.05). The prevalence was higher among females (25.2%) than among males (18.6%), but this was not statistically significant. There was no significant association between a positive ASRS screen and course of study. Using a modification of ASRS full symptom checklist to approximate a DSM IV TR ADHD diagnosis yielded a prevalence of ADHD symptoms of 9.2% in this cohort. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of ADHD symptoms among university students in Eldoret, Kenya is significantly higher than that reported in other studies. Further studies are needed to generate more information about this condition in the lowincome countries, especially in college and university populations.
This research entails an investigation into enhanced attack detection techniques as a security feature in vehicular platooning. The paper evaluates critical challenges in the security of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) with a focus on vulnerabilities in vehicle platooning. We evaluate the possibilities of securing a platoon through enhanced attack detection following an inside attack while considering current communication-based approaches to vehicular platoon security that have been effective at isolating infected platoon members. This study proposes the use of color-shift keying (CSK) as a security tool for enhanced detection of an apparent platoon attack. We simulate various attack scenarios involving a vehicular platoon communicating via a VLC network and assess the degree of exposure of such networks to three types of attacks – Sybil attacks, delay attacks, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We recommend the use of a light-to-frequency (LTF) converter comprising of a receiver to collect and decode transmitted symbols with regard to the frequency of transmission. Once there is a drop in the intensity of the light transmitted in the platoon, CSK is implemented to alter the intensity of the red, green, and blue (RGB) spectrum coupled with radiofrequency to ensure the security of the communication. CSK will use coded symbols to transmit the control information from the leader using a microcontroller.
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