The article argues that the relative absence of foreign policy from the EU's counter-terrorism efforts is surprising given the nature of the threat. The reasons for this range from the EU's role and approach to counter-terrorism, to the leading role of interior ministers and a focus on the internal threat. External factors and actors also come into play, such as the US 'global war on terror' and Nato's role in counter-terrorism. The article explores three core aspects of the external dimension of counter-terrorism policy and argues that areas such as development assistance and democracy promotion have become securitized. Copyright (c) 2008 The Author(s); Journal compilation (c) 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
In 1999, few people would have predicted that the EU would send ships to Somalia, police to Afghanistan, judges to Kosovo and soldiers to Chad. Yet, that is exactly what the EU has been doing. The European Security and Defence policy (ESDP) –since renamed the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) – was launched shortly after NATO’s war in Kosovo in June 1999, to ensure that Europeans could respond to international crises, including launching operations, without depending on the US (via NATO). Since 2003 the EU has initiated some 24 peace-support operations in Europe, Africa and Asia, using both civil and military resources, and some of these missions have had impressive results. However, at times there have been some real difficulties with CSDP operations, ranging from resource shortages, intermittent political support from Member States, and a lack of coordination between EU actors. Lessons already identified in the crisis management debate point to two fundamental factors of success. First, a comprehensive approach that brings together the different actors deployed in the field. Second, the resilience of the political and material commitment of crisis management actors, possibly over many years. Both these factors pose important questions for the future of EU peace operations.
Abingdon: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 9780415414142); xvi + 192pp., £65.00 hb.The unique character of the European Union's international development policywith its bilateral and multilateral dimensions -has received very limited attention among EU scholars. Most of the existing studies have concentrated on the European Commission's policies and programmes without attempting to provide comprehensive conceptual models to analyse the interactions between the European Commission and the Member States in the development policy arena. The European Union and International Development represents a valuable addition to the existing literature because it develops an analytical model to explain the role of the European Commission vis-à-vis the Member States in the EU decision-making process.The book consists of five core chapters: the first chapter reviews existing approaches regarding the role of the Commission in the EU and its relations with the Member States; chapter two provides an overview of the EU's (European Commission and Member States) relations with the developing world. Chapters three, four and five analyse three case studies: the issue of volume of aid; of global public goods (GPGs) and untying of aid. The concluding chapter reviews the main findings of the book and looks at the future of foreign aid in the EU.The central argument is that the European Commission plays a leading role in the EU's decision-making process, but that its leadership is contingent upon a series of conditions: an institutional entrepreneur that puts the issue on the agenda; the unity of the Commission -both at the administrative and political levels; the policy context and the tactics used throughout the various stages of the policy process. The case studies reveal that the central variable is the unity of the Commission: when united the Commission is able to achieve its goals regardless of the difficult context in which it operates.The book represents a valuable contribution to the existing literature not only for the convincing leadership model developed in its pages but also for the choice of the case studies -not limited to specific geographical areas -and for the analysis of the multiplicity of Member States' approaches, traditions and performance in developing countries. Furthermore, the book provides additional evidence that integration theories can be successfully used to explain the EU's external relations and that the logic of consequentialism and the logic of appropriateness coexist and are simultaneously at play in EU policy-making.
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