Long-range projections from the frontal cortex are known to modulate sensory processing in multiple modalities. Although the mouse has become an increasingly important animal model for studying the circuit basis of behavior, the functional organization of its frontal cortical long-range connectivity remains poorly characterized. Here we used virus-assisted circuit mapping to identify the brain networks for top-down modulation of visual, somatosensory, and auditory processing. The visual cortex is reciprocally connected to the anterior cingulate area, whereas the somatosensory and auditory cortices are connected to the primary and secondary motor cortices. Anterograde and retrograde tracing identified the cortical and subcortical structures belonging to each network. Furthermore, using novel viral techniques to target subpopulations of frontal neurons projecting to the visual cortex versus the superior colliculus, we identified two distinct subnetworks within the visual network. These findings provide an anatomical foundation for understanding the brain mechanisms underlying top-down control of behavior.

DEAR EDITOR, Psoriasis is a chronic immune-modulated condition affecting approximately 2-3% of the general population. 1 In addition to cutaneous lesions, psoriasis is associated with systemic and mental health comorbidities. 1 Psoriasis is among the most extensively researched dermatological conditions, with many novel treatment options in the drug development pipeline. Clinical trials can be costly and time-consuming. Telemedicine has the potential to improve and accelerate drug development by 'decentralizing' clinical trials, enabling patients to participate in trials remotely. 2 NORA â (Network Oriented Research Assistant) is a telemedicine-based software platform developed by Science 37, Inc. that facilitates decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) by connecting clinical trial teams to patients wherever they live. For the DCT model to be successful, investigators must be able to perform clinician-reported outcome measures reliably via telemedicine. The utility of telemedicine in the evaluation and management of psoriasis in clinical care settings has been documented. 3 Additionally, previous studies have demonstrated that telemedicine-based clinical assessments using standardized digital photographs are comparable with in-person assessments in several dermatological conditions. 4-6 This reliability study compares common psoriasis severity assessments performed via digital photographs against the same assessments performed in person. Five dermatology investigators, at two dermatology practices in Los Angeles, California,