BackgroundAgro biodiversity may play an important role in human nutrition and food security. However, research documenting relationships between genetically diverse crop varieties and nutrition and food security of contemporary populations is limited.ObjectiveThis project sought to measure the contribution of native and traditional crops to the diets and nutritional quality of residents of the Bolivian Andes; to determine whether the contribution varies according to the ecological region of a household's residence; and to investigate the relationships between the consumption of native and traditional crops and the growth of children under 5.MethodsThe study was carried out in the rural municipality of Colomi, department of Cochabamba, and the departmental capital, Cochabamba City. The nine sites spanned 86 km along the national highway, and covered an altitudinal range of 2200–4200 meters above sea level (masl), with sub‐tropical, inter‐Andean valley, and high‐altitude puna ecotypes. Two household‐level surveys were conducted, one in the 2013 post‐planting season (Nov–Dec) and the other in the 2014 post‐harvest season (May–July). Surveys with female household heads or food preparers collected information on household socio‐demographics, wealth and expenditures, 24‐hour recall of all foods prepared or consumed at the household level, and height and weight measurements of children under the age of 5. Survey and anthropometric data were entered into excel and data analysis was undertaken with SPSS (v23) and ENA SMART software. A Kruskal‐Wallis means test (for non‐normally distributed data) and multiple linear regression were used for analysis. Each household's total caloric consumption for the day prior to the survey was calculated from the 2014 post‐harvest data, coding each ingredient as “native,” “processed,” or belonging to another category. A fixed effects model was used to assess the relationship between native crop consumption and child growth, adjusting for age, sex, ecoregion, household, and household total calories per adult equivalent.ResultsNative foods contributed an average of 27.3% (SD ±0.110) of the calories available in households the day prior to the survey. This contribution ranged from a low value of 15.0% in urban areas, to a high of 52.4% in the high‐altitude puna communities. There were significant differences in the percent caloric contribution of native crops to households’ diets among sites (Kruskal‐Walis test, p<0.01), as well as in all other categories of foods, with the exception of “Andeanized” food products. HAZ was positively associated with percent consumption of native crops (p<0.05), and consumption of Andeanized, introduced, and animal‐source foods (p<0.01). There was no association between native crop consumption and WHZ.ConclusionsNative and traditional crops make an important contribution to caloric availability across all ecoregions studied. However, dietary profiles differ significantly by region, with native crops making a larger contribution in the rural and highland areas than in urban or urbanizing sites.Support or Funding InformationThis project was funded by the National Science Foundation (DDIG in Geography #1131153), the Wilbur G. Downs Fellowship; the Yale‐NYBG Cullman Fellowship; the Yale McMillan Center International Dissertation Research Fellowship; the Yale Tropical Resources Institute; the Yale Program in Agrarian Studies; and the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies.
Introducción: En junio de 2009, la Organización Mundial de la Salud alertó acerca de la pandemia debida al virus A (H1N1) que elevó la fase epidemiológica a 6, producto del grado de diseminación del virus pero no a la gravedad e impacto de la enfermedad, lo que depende de la vulnerabilidad de la población y la capacidad de respuesta sanitaria de cada región, país y continente respectivamente. Objetivo: analizar el perfil epidemiológico de la influenza A- H1N1 en el departamento de Cochabamba-Bolivia. Métodos: el presente estudio es de tipo observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, realizado en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia mediante el análisis de todas las fichas epidemiológicas de los casos sospechosos durante las gestiones 2009 al 2014, con una muestra de 3655 fichas. Resultados: del total de casos sospechosos el 52% fueron varones y el 48 % mujeres, el grupo etario con mayor proporción fue el de los menores de 5 años con un 16%, del total de casos sospechosos el 79% fueron negativos y solo el 21% fueron positivos, los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la tos presente en el 84% de los casos, la faringitis en el 78%, la cefalea y la rinorrea en el 76%. Conclusión: la prevalencia de Influenza Humana A H1 N1 en el departamento de Cochabamba, disminuyó progresivamente, existiendo un rebrote de la patología el 2014 con un aumento en el número de casos positivos y los casos de mortalidad.
La correcta aplicación de las técnicas del proceso de muestreo se ha hecho indispensable para la investigación en el campo de la epidemiologia, el desafío de todo investigador, es que los resultados de unos cuantos, puedan ser extrapolables para una población. El presente artículo, es una revisión no sistemática, que proporciona información sobre la aplicación de un método de muestreo aleatorio asociado con una ubicación geográfica, para el estudio de “Valores de Referencia de la Fuerza de Agarre en adultos del departamento de Cochabamba-Bolivia”. Primeramente, en la introducción se revisa la importancia de estimación de parámetros poblaciones de referencia, a partir de preguntas descriptivas. Seguidamente se menciona las características de la investigación epidemiológica asociada a la espacialidad; en tercer lugar, se detalla la metodología y las experiencias que conllevo la aplicación del muestreo en el proyecto. Finalmente se hace un hincapié en la necesidad y relevancia del uso de esta metodología.
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