Although whiteflies Tetraleurodes perseae (Nakahara) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are considered a secondary pest of avocado crops, their presence and the damages that they cause can decrease crop vigor and affect production. The objective of the present work was to determine the population fluctuation and altitudinal distribution of the T. perseae Nakahara whitefly in avocado trees, as well as to determine the number of possible generations in one year. The study was done in three orchards in Morelos state, located at different altitudes, from February 2014 to April 2015. Samplings were done every 21 days from 10 randomly chosen trees in each orchard. The samples were taken randomly from the middle stratus (1.6 m in height) of each tree; in buds or young leaves for the number of adults and leaves only for nymphs. Additionally, two yellow traps (7 × 14 cm) with glue were placed in each tree for adult samplings. Data were collected regarding vegetative budding, rainfall, relative humidity, and temperature. T. perseae was present in all three sampled orchards, with a greater presence in the lowest orchard, during the whole study period. In the orchard with the lowest altitudinal gradient (1,736 masl), 11 whitefly generations developed; 10 generations developed in the medium gradient orchard (1,934 masl); and 8 generations developed in the highest orchard (2,230 masl). The adults showed a positive relationship with regard to vegetative buds, while the nymphs had a negative relationship with regard to relative humidity. The rest of the parameters showed diverse effects on the species depending on the altitude of the orchard.
Thrips tabaci Lindeman is a worldwide onion pest that causes economic losses of 10–60%, depending on many factors. Population sampling is essential for applying control tactics and preventing damage by the insect. Conventional sampling methods are criticized as time consuming, while fixed-precision binomial and sequential sampling plans may allow reliable estimations with a more efficient use of time. The aim of this work was to develop binomial and sequential sampling for fast reliable estimation of T. tabaci density on an onion. Forty-one commercial 1.0-ha onion plots were sampled (sample size n = 200) to characterize the spatial distribution of T. tabaci using Taylor’s power law (a = 2.586 and b = 1.511). Binomial and sequential enumerative sampling plans were then developed with precision levels of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.25. Sampling plans were validated with bootstrap simulations (1000 samples) using 10 independent data sets. Bootstrap simulation indicated that precision was satisfactory for all repetitions of the sequential sampling plan, while binomial sampling met the fixed precision in 80% of cases. Both methods reduced sampling time by around 80% relative to conventional sampling. These precise and less time-consuming sampling methods can contribute to implementation of control tactics within the integrated pest management approach.
En años recientes creció la necesidad de conocer las especies de minadores que se encuentran en los cultivos hortícolas, ya que su estatus de plaga secundaria ha cambiado al de plaga
, N. 2014. Morphological interpretation of the male genital anatomy of Agromyzidae (Diptera). Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.), 30(1): 243-246. ABSTRACT. We propose a morphological interpretation of Agromyzidae male terminalia. We also suggest nomenclature for bodies forms in its genitalia, in order to homogenize the criteria and define a fixed morphological scheme for genitalia, applicable to Agromyzidae and all the order Diptera. Spencer & Steyskal (1986) mencionan una serie de características morfológicas de importancia para la identificación de la familia Agromyzidae, incluyen la coloración del mesonoto y de la mesopleura, la dirección e inclinación de las setas orbitales y el tarso dividido en cinco segmentos. Estos autores citan la terminología de Nowakowski (1962) y Griffiths (1972) para la descripción de la terminalia masculina de los agromícidos, al indicar que se trata de un verdadero órgano copulador, dividido en cuatro secciones: basifalo, mesofalo, hipofalo y distifalo; tiene un apodema edeagal largo en forma de barra que articula al edeago flexible. Aunque, el tratamiento de la genitalia masculina de Agromyzidae se ha enfocado en el uso de la anatomía para encontrar diferencias útiles en la identificación de especies, esto deja aparte la interpretación morfológica de las estructuras involucradas, lo cual ha resultado en esquemas puramente descriptivos que pueden contener errores en la identificación de los órganos y además generan el uso de nomenclaturas confusas que cambian en las publicaciones de los diversos autores. Desde Snodgrass (1957) la interpretación de estos órganos se ha ido adaptando a los diversos grupos taxonómicos, así cada especialista ha cambiado la nomenclatura de acuerdo con su interpretación morfológica. El autor más importante en el desarrollo de un esquema morfológico moderno de la genitalia de Diptera es Griffiths (1972), quien publicó su trabajo hace más de 40 años. En el presente estudio se propone que la terminología de la genitalia de Agromyzidae
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