In this review an attempt is made to highlight the structures and properties of clay that may contribute to a better understanding of the role of clays in chemical evolution. The adsorption of organic molecules on clays has been demonstrated, as has the synthesis of bioorganic monomers in the presence of clays. For instance, amino acids (glycine, aspartic acid, threonine, alanine and others) as well as purines and pyrimidines, have been obtained from CO and NH3 in the presence of clays at relatively high temperatures (250-325 degrees C). Carbohydrates are also easily derived from formaldehyde at relatively low temperatures (approximately equal to 80 degrees C). The oligomerization of biochemical monomers, mediated by clays has also been shown to result in the formation of polymer molecules basic to life. For instance the condensation of amino acyl adenylates at room temperature in the presence of montmorillonite is known to yield polypeptides in discrete ranges of molecular weights with degrees of polymerization up to 56. Clays have also been found to affect the condensation of mononucleotides to oligonucleotides. Although the role of clays in the origin or metabolic pathways has not been demonstrated, it is possible that clays may have played a cooperative role with catalytic peptides in an intermediate stage of prebiological chemistry preceding the emergence of life on this planet.
S u m m a r y . Deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate in the presence of deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate, cyanamide and 4-amino-5-imidazole carboxamide polymerizes under drying conditions at moderate temperatures (60-90 °C) to yield oligonucleotides of up to four units ill length. Enzymatic analysis indicated the majority of these oligomers contained natural 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds. This reaction offers a possible method for the formation of deoxyoligonucleotides under primitive earth conditions. K e y words: Prebiotic --Polymerization --Deoxythymidine~Oligonucleotides --Deoxythymidine-Triphosphate --Cyanamide --4-Amino-5-Imidazolecarboxamide.
A reaction which oligomerizes nucleotides under possible prebiotic conditions has been characterized. Nucleoside monophosphate in the presence of cyanamide at acid pH condenses to form dithymideine pyrophosphate and phosphodiester bonded compounds. Imidazole compounds and activated precursors such as nucleoside triphosphate are not necessary for this ologomerization reaction which produces primarily cyclic ologonucleotides.
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