The influence of nearest-neighbor diffusion on the decay of a metastable low-coverage phase (monolayer adsorption) in a square lattice-gas model of electrochemical metal deposition is investigated by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The phase-transformation dynamics are compared to the well-established Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami theory. The phase transformation is accelerated by diffusion, but remains in accord with the theory for continuous nucleation up to moderate diffusion rates. At very high diffusion rates the phase-transformation kinetic shows a crossover to instantaneous nucleation. Then, the probability of medium-sized clusters is reduced in favor of large clusters. Upon reversal of the supersaturation, the adsorbate desorbs, but large clusters still tend to grow during the initial stages of desorption. Calculation of the free energy of subcritical clusters by enumeration of lattice animals yields a quasiequilibrium distribution which is in reasonable agreement with the simulation results. This is an improvement relative to classical droplet theory, which fails to describe the distributions, since the macroscopic surface tension is a bad approximation for small clusters.

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Background Inhalants are among the most common and dangerous forms of substance use, but very little research on inhalant use disorders exist. Unlike other substances, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV) indicates that inhalants do not have an associated withdrawal syndrome among persons who meet criteria for inhalant dependence. Methods Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study examines the prevalence of withdrawal symptoms among inhalant users. Prevalence of inhalant withdrawal symptoms for inhalants was also compared with the prevalence of cocaine withdrawal symptoms to help determine the presence of an inhalant withdrawal syndrome. Results Approximately 47.8% of persons who met criteria for inhalant dependence reported experiencing three or more inhalant-related withdrawal symptoms that were clinically significant. Among those with inhalant dependence, almost half of the withdrawal symptoms were as common as the corresponding withdrawal symptoms experienced by persons with cocaine dependence. Furthermore, the percentage of persons with inhalant dependence reporting clinically significant inhalant withdrawal symptoms was almost equal to the percentage of persons with cocaine dependence reporting clinically significant cocaine withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions These data provide evidence for an inhalant-related withdrawal syndrome among persons with inhalant dependence. Revisions to DSM-IV should consider including inhalant withdrawal as a diagnostic criterion for this disorder.

Background and Objective Nitrous oxide has long been used recreationally for its ability to induce euphoria and other deliriant effects. In modern times, it remains a popular, legal, and widely available option for those seeking altered states. Though substance‐induced psychotic symptoms have been mentioned in the literature, the potential long‐term negative neuropsychiatric effects related to its use have not been well established. Methods and Results This is a patient case report of a young man (N = 1) who initially presented with acute neurological symptoms requiring hospitalization due to heavy nitrous oxide inhalant use, and went on to present with symptoms concerning for a primary psychotic illness over multiple inpatient admissions. He provided both verbal and written consent to share his story for this case report. Discussion and Conclusions It is important to consider nitrous oxide use as a possible contributing factor to the development of primary psychotic illness. Scientific Significance Current literature suggests that psychosis associated with nitrous oxide use is transient and resolves upon cessation and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency. Here, we present a patient with risk factors for psychotic illness developing psychotic illness following extensive nitrous oxide use. This report offers a unique perspective of longitudinal follow‐up (often not provided with reports on this topic), and illustrates the importance of healthcare providers inquiring about nitrous oxide abuse in patients presenting with early psychotic symptoms. (Am J Addict 2020;29:525–527)

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Objective: To examine the diagnoses, demographics, and prevalence of psychotherapy use among children and adolescents prescribed antipsychotics by psychiatric providers in a community setting. Methods: Medical records from 1127 children aged 0 to 17 years who were prescribed antipsychotics in 2014-2015 at Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services (PRCMHS) outpatient network were analyzed. Antipsychotics, diagnosis codes, demographics, and number of psychotherapy sessions during this time frame were analyzed using χ2 and logistic regression analyses. Results: During this year, 50.8% of the patients attended psychotherapy, and 35.6% attended 5 or more sessions of psychotherapy. The most prevalent primary diagnosis was bipolar disorder (37.1%), followed by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (19.7%). Females being treated with antipsychotics were significantly more likely to attend psychotherapy than their male peers (55.7% vs. 47.9%, P=0.01). In the fully adjusted models, patients with diagnoses of bipolar disorder or disorders first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence were less than half as likely to attend psychotherapy as patients with depressive disorders, with adjusted odds ratios of 0.41 and 0.42, respectively. Conclusions: Approximately half of the child and adolescent patients prescribed antipsychotics in this community sample did not attend psychotherapy, and 39% of the patients did not have a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, or autistic disorder.