Management of rectal cancer has markedly evolved over the last two decades. New technologies of staging have allowed a more precise definition of tumor extension. Refinements in surgical concepts and techniques have resulted in higher rates of sphincter preservation and better functional outcome for patients with this malignancy. Although, preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision has become the standard of care for locally advanced tumors, many controversial matters in management of rectal cancer still need to be defined. These include the feasibility of a non-surgical approach after a favorable response to neoadjuvant therapy, the ideal margins of surgical resection for sphincter preservation and the adequacy of minimally invasive techniques of tumor resection. In this article, after an extensive search in PubMed and Embase databases, we critically review the current strategies and the most debatable matters in treatment of rectal cancer.
IntroductionFunctional foods are health promoters and their use is associated with reduced risk of chronic degenerative and non-transmissible diseases. Examples are symbiotic. The association of one (or more) probiotic with a one (or more) prebiotic is called symbiotic, being the prebiotics complementary and probiotics synergistic, thus presenting a multiplicative factor on their individual actions.ObjectiveTo assess the evidences on the benefits of the use of symbiotics in the treatment of clinical and surgical situations.MethodsThe headings symbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic were searched in Pubmed/Medline in the last 15 years, and were selected 25 articles, used for database.ResultsThe use of symbiotic may promote an increase in the number of bifidobacteria, glycemic control, reduction of blood cholesterol, balancing the intestinal flora which aids in reducing constipation and/or diarrhea, improves intestinal permeability and stimulation of the immune system. Clinical indications for these products has been expanded, in order to maximize the individual's physiological functions to provide greater. So, with the high interest in the clinical and nutritional control of disease, many studies have been conducted demonstrating the effectiveness of using symbiotic in improving and/or preventing various and/or symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases.ConclusionSymbiotic behave differently and positively in various pathological situations.
Primary epidermoid carcinoma of the breast presenting as a breast abscess and sepsisresUMo CONTEXTO: O carcinoma de células escamosas da mama é um câncer extremamente raro, representando cerca de 0,04% dos tumores malignos da mama. Até o momento, apenas um número limitado de casos da doença foi relatado, a maioria se apresentando clinicamente como um carcinoma de mama usual. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente feminina de 39 anos de idade se apresentando com grande abscesso de mama e sinais de sepse. Após debridamento cirúrgico da lesão, o exame histopatológico da cápsula do abscesso revelou a presença de carcinoma de células escamosas da mama. O tratamento definitivo do tumor foi uma mastectomia radical modificada com ressecção da lesão residual na mama direita. CONCLUSÃO: O presente caso, de apresentação incomum, demonstra como uma lesão aparentemente benigna, como um abscesso mamário, pode estar relacionada a uma neoplasia maligna oculta. Uma revisão da literatura a respeito do carcinoma de células escamosas de mama é apresentada.I MD, PhD. Attending Physician,
The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in surgical specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. One hundred and sixty-five paraffin-embedded specimens of esophageal carcinoma were analyzed through high-sensitivity auto-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the consensus GP5+/GP6+ primer. Twenty-six specimens of esophageal mucosa without malignant disease were also studied as a control group. Two different specific primer sets targeting the E6 region of the HPVs 16 and 18 were used for typing. Direct DNA sequence analysis was conducted to confirm positive PCR results. HPV DNA was detected in 26 esophageal carcinomas (15.75%), but in none of the benign esophageal specimens (P < 0.05). Out of the 26 positive cases, 24 were HPV-16 and one was HPV-18. One tumor contained both HPV-16 and -18 DNA. Positive PCR results were confirmed by the amplified viral sequences. Our findings suggest that the presence of either HPV-16 or -18 might be related to development of the malignant phenotype in the esophagus.
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