1 Часть первая опубликована в [1], вторая-в [2], третья-в [3], четвертая-в [4]. Для повышения точности полученных результатов сравниваются два метода исследования процессов смачивания и растекания на твердой подложке. В первом методе используются капли жидкости, а во втором-пузырьки. При растекании формы капель и пузырьков изменяются, и это количественно может быть оценено только посредством уравнения Лапласа, но применяется уравнение только в случае пузырьков (второй метод). Это исключает в случае первого метода контроль за чистотой поверхности растекающейся капли. Влияние микрозагрязнений на результаты рассматривается на основе прецизионных расчетов, проведенных для обоих методов. Рассчитаны кривые растекания нанопузырьков с начальными диаметрами 20 и 10 нм на подложках с различной смачиваемостью, причем смачиваемость оценивается не по числовой величине краевого угла, а по соответствующим ему легко реализуемым примерам таких подложек Г, Ф и Н х , где х-доля поверхности под пузырьком, покрытая молекулами ионогенного собирателя: 0,8; 0,6; 0,4 и 0,2. Кривые растекания наглядно иллюстрируют диапазон возможного растекания нанопузырьков от предельного на подложке Г до практически нулевого на подложке Ф, а также источники энергетического обеспечения процесса растекания и причины их истощения. Информативность кривых растекания обусловлена тем, что при их расчете применяются более десяти параметров пузырька и подложки. При использовании реагентов активация процесса флотации может распространяться на пузырьки большего размера. Ключевые слова: нанопузырьки, уравнение Лапласа, поверхностное натяжение, краевой угол, смачиваемость твердой поверхности, сферичность капель и пузырьков, кривые растекания, подложка с предельной гидрофобностью, подложка с предельной гидрофильностью, подложка с неполной смачиваемостью. Мелик-Гайказян В.И.-докт. хим. наук, проф., рук-ль лаборатории поверхностных явлений и флотации ЮЗГУ (305040, г. Курск, ул. 50 лет Октября, 94).

We present a comprehensive review of the physical behavior of yield stress materials in soft condensed matter, which encompass a broad range of materials from colloidal assemblies and gels to emulsions and non-Brownian suspensions. All these disordered materials display a nonlinear flow behavior in response to external mechanical forces, due to the existence of a finite force threshold for flow to occur: the yield stress. We discuss both the physical origin and rheological consequences associated with this nonlinear behavior, and give an overview of experimental techniques available to measure the yield stress. We discuss recent progress concerning a microscopic theoretical description of the flow dynamics of yield stress materials, emphasizing in particular the role played by relaxation time scales, the interplay between shear flow and aging behavior, the existence of inhomogeneous shear flows and shear bands, wall slip, and non-local effects in confined geometries.

Controlling the impact of drops onto solid surfaces is important for a wide variey of coating and deposition processes--for example, the treatment of plants with herbicides and pesticides requires precise targeting in order to meet stringent toxicological regulations. However, the outer wax-like layer of the leaves is a non-wetting substrate that causes sprayed droplets to rebound; often less than 50% of the initial spray is retained by the plant. Although the impact and subsequent retraction of non-wetting aqueous drops on a hydrophobic surface have been the subjects of extensive experimental and theoretical work, non-newtonian rheological effects have not been considered in any detail. Here we report that, by adding very small amounts of a flexible polymer to the aqueous phase, we can inhibit droplet rebound on a hydrophobic surface and markedly improve deposition without significantly altering the shear viscosity of the solutions. Our results can be understood by taking into account the non-newtonian elongational viscosity, which provides a large resistance to drop retraction after impact, thereby suppressing droplet rebound.

When a liquid droplet is put onto a surface, two situations distinguishable by the contact angle may result. If the contact angle is zero, the droplet spreads across the surface, a situation referred to as complete wetting. On the other hand, if the contact angle is between 0 • and 180 • , the droplet does not spread, a situation called partial wetting. A wetting transition is a surface phase transition from partial wetting to complete wetting. We review the key experimental findings on this transition, together with simple theoretical models that account for the experiments.The wetting transition is generally first order (discontinuous), implying a discontinuity in the first derivative of the surface free energy. In this case, if one measures the thickness of the adsorbed film beside the droplet, at the wetting transition a discontinuous jump in film thickness occurs from a microscopically thin to a thick film. We show that this can lead to the observation of metastable surface states and an accompanying hysteresis. The observed hysteresis poses, in turn, a number of questions concerning the nucleation of wetting films that we also consider here. In addition, we consider the equilibrium wetting film thickness that results from a competition between the long-range van der Waals forces and gravity.Finally, the first-order character of the wetting transition can lead to a similar transition even when the phase that does the wetting is not (yet) stable in the bulk. For such prewetting transitions, a discontinuous thin-to-thick film transition occurs off bulk coexistence. We show that, for the large variety of systems for which prewetting transitions have been observed, the behaviour is surprisingly uniform, and can be mapped onto a simple generic phase diagram.The second part of the review deals with the exceptions to the first-order nature of the wetting transition. Two different types of continuous or critical wetting transition have been reported, for which a discontinuity in a higher derivative of the surface free energy occurs. This consequently leads to a continuous divergence of the film thickness. The first type is the so-called long-range critical wetting transition, which is due to the long-range van der Waals forces. We show under what circumstances such a transition can occur, and that it is usually preceded by a first-order wetting transition, which however is not achieved completely. This leads to the existence of an intermediate wetting state, in which droplets coexist with a relatively-but not macroscopically-thick film. The second type of transition is the shortrange critical wetting transition, for which the layer thickness diverges continuously from a

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract