Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by either Fasciola hepatica or Faciola gigantica. These parasitic infections are of global significance causing diseases in different mammalian species including humans. In this study, the prevalence and economic significance of Fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered at Gondar Elfora abattoirs was assessed. A total of 400 cattle were examined and 85 cattle (21.2%) were affected by fasciolosis. This findings indicated that, the prevalence of cattle fasiolosis is significantly affected by the age of the animals (P < 0.05), where young animals (27.7%) were more affected than the adult ones (17.1%). Body conditions disclosed a significant relation with Fasciola infection. Poor body conditioned animals showed the highest prevalence (30.8%) followed by medium (19.5%) and good body conditioned animals (17%). There were statistical significant differences between the different geographical locations. Highest prevalence of fasciolosis was exhibited in animals originated from Dembiya (50%) followed by Debarq (31.6%), Wogera (15%), Gondar zuria (13.5%), Belesa (12.9%), Dansha (11.9%) and Metema (4.7%). As recorded, due to cattle fasciolosis livers were condemned for human consumption. Thus, based on retail value of cattle liver, the direct economic loss from fasciolosis in Gondar Elfora abattoir was estimated to be 63,600 Ethiopian Birr (2316.948 USD) annually. In conclusion, cattle fasciolosis is one of the major parasitic diseases in the study area. Therefore appropriate control measures should be designed and implemented so as to reduce financial losses that may occur from organ condemnation and loss of animals from the disease.
It is an undeniable fact that virtually all human activities take place on land. Most importantly urban development activities such as housing, which provide shelter for man, all other land uses. The provision of most services for urban development is dependent, first and foremost on the availability of land. For Aluko and Moss (2002), access to land is a major problem. Every developing city is facing this problem due to population explosion. Another reason is urbanization which demands a lot of lands. Provision of urban land is under government's sole authority in Nigeria with negligible responsibility from state. Numerous numbers of studies have mentioned that like Nigeria many countries' land delivery system face a failure. Failure of formal channel increases demand for informal. As a result, for vertical and horizontal growth is taking place. For urban economy major constraint is lack of access to land. Access to building land has been identified as a serious problem as per the Presidential Committee on Urban Development and Housing, [2002]. Being the gateway city, Karu has suffered from the pressure of globalization, urbanization. Land markets come with many types of risks like, duration security, informal rights, inadequate compensation etc. According to Kwame and Antwi (2004), double sale is another major problem. Tema, Accra and Kumasi are the most sufferers for this problem. Rakodi and Leduka (2005), highlighted insecure tenure rights and property delineations are some of the other challenges. Instead of this urban families still looking for informal transfer and acquire of rights. Sometimes urban household are showing interest for formal land markets. This study focuses on the logic for finding substitute origin for residential land in Nigeria. 1.1. What is Informal Land Delivery? "Informal" is used to express a wide range of operations vary situation and context wise. It is also known as "neocustomary", "quasi-customary", "living law" etc. UN-Habitat (2010). The term informal urban land delivery system is used to talk about a variety of urban land transactions, exchanges and transfers that are not recognized by the state as legal, but which are nevertheless socially acceptable as legitimate by a variety of urban actors. Antwi (2002), defined informal land deliver as transactions in land outside the government legal system for which the necessary government proscriptions for
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