Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of breast cancer (BRCA) have been shown to play a critical role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and therapy resistance, and thereby will affect the clinical outcomes of BRCA patients. However, a wide range of intratumoral heterogeneity shaped by the tumor cells and immune cells in the surrounding microenvironment is a major obstacle in understanding and treating BRCA. Recent progress in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), mass cytometry, and digital spatial profiling has enabled the detailed characterization of intratumoral immune cells and vastly improved our understanding of less-defined cell subsets in the tumor immune environment. By measuring transcriptomes or proteomics at the single-cell level, it provides an unprecedented view of the cellular architecture consist of phenotypical and functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we focus on landmark studies of single-cell profiling of immunological heterogeneity in the TME, and discuss its clinical applications, translational outlook, and limitations in breast cancer studies.
This review critically summarizes the state of the art in RCC therapeutic regimen with immunomodulation agents. We will focus on the clinical data and ongoing clinical trials exploring the use of immunotherapy with different agents for RCC. In addition, different novel immunotherapeutic agents are being investigated for their combination therapy with other immune therapies or other modalities. Prospects (e.g., potential future immunological targets, combination regimens, appropriate sequencing) for immune therapies of RCC are also set forth in this work.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancer diagnosis, among which epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations are the common genetic drivers. Their relative tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown a better response for oncogene-driven NSCLC than chemotherapy. However, the development of resistance is inevitable following the treatments, which need a new strategy urgently. Although immunotherapy, a hot topic for cancer therapy, has shown an excellent response for other cancers, few responses for oncogene-driven NSCLC have been presented from the existing evidence, including clinical studies. Recently, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is increasingly thought to be a key parameter for the efficacy of cancer treatment such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy, while evidence has also shown that the TME could be affected by multi-factors, such as TKIs. Here, we discuss changes in the TME in NSCLC after TKI treatments, especially for EGFR-TKIs, to offer information for a new therapy of oncogene-driven NSCLC.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths with high morbidity and mortality. Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all cases. Fortunately, the development of molecular oncology provides a promising and effective therapeutic strategy for lung cancers, including specific gene mutations/translocations and immune checkpoints, with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) common mutations first and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocations later as the targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as immunotherapy. This review summarized the recent therapy advancements of TKIs and ICIs in NSCLC and focused on the clinical effect of combination or sequential treatment so as to provide the effective advice for the treatment of NSCLC.
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