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Introduction One-third of adults in the United States who use tobacco regularly use two or more types of tobacco products. As the use of e-cigarettes and other non-combusted tobacco products increases—making multiple tobacco product (MTP) use increasingly common—it is essential to evaluate the complex factors that affect product use. Methods In this update to our 2019 conceptual framework, we review and evaluate recent literature and expand the model to include ways in which MTP use may be affected by market factors such as the introduction of new products and socioenvironmental factors like marketing and advertising. Results and Conclusions MTP use patterns are complex, dynamic, and multiply determined by factors at the level of individuals, products, situations/contexts, and marketplace. Substitution, or using one product with the intent of decreasing use of another, and complementarity, or using multiple products for different reasons/purposes, explain patterns in MTP use. Moreover, substitution/complementarity may inform our understanding of how market changes targeted at one product, for instance, new product standards, bans, product pricing, and taxation, affect consumption of other tobacco products. New data from natural experiments and novel laboratory-based techniques add additional data and expand the framework. Implications A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.

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Background Household contacts of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis are at high risk for being infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for developing tuberculosis disease. To guide regimen composition for the empirical treatment of tuberculosis infection and disease in these household contacts, we estimated drug resistance profile concordance between index patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis and their household contacts. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published through July 24, 2018 and reported resistance profiles of drug-resistant tuberculosis index and secondary cases within their households. Using a random-effects meta-analysis, we estimated resistance profile concordance, defined as the percentage of secondary cases whose M. tuberculosis strains were resistant to the same drugs as strains from their index cases. We also estimated isoniazid/rifampin concordance, defined as whether index and secondary cases had identical susceptibilities for isoniazid and rifampin only. Results We identified 33 eligible studies, which evaluated resistance profile concordance between 484 secondary cases and their household index cases. Pooled resistance profile concordance was 54.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.7-67.6, I2=85%). Pooled isoniazid/rifampin concordance was 82.6% (95% CI: 72.3-90.9; I2=73%). Concordance estimates were similar in a sub-analysis of 16 studies from high tuberculosis-burden countries. There were insufficient data to perform a sub-analysis among pediatric secondary cases. Conclusion Household contacts of drug-resistant TB patients should receive treatment for TB infection and disease that assumes that they, too, are infected with a drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain. Whenever possible, drug susceptibility testing should be performed for secondary cases to optimize regimen composition.

Laboratory experiments provide students a tangible means of understanding dry, abstract concepts. A simple and engaging introductory wet chemistry laboratory has been developed relating quantum mechanics to color, which has been implemented for a class of about 600 students per academic year for over three years at Brown University. Color is an important aspect of daily life, used to communicate meaning and emotion. Nanoparticles, organic dyes, and metal complexes produce color in medieval stained glass, textiles, and gemstones, respectively. Though they can produce visually similar colors, the microscopic mechanisms of color production are different. The origins of color are used to facilitate the discussion of quantum mechanics and bonding concepts. The relation of these color producing model systems to chemical concepts also serves as motivation for an introduction of advanced concepts, such as nanochemistry, to first-year undergraduate students. Students synthesize silver nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes and use UV–vis spectrophotometers to characterize them along with additional unknown colorful solutions made from either metal complexes or organic dyes. Relating quantum mechanics and bonding to color in daily life excited students, promoting learning. This laboratory can be adapted for K–12 students.

IntroductionThe prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults aged ≥55 has remained stagnant over the past decade. National data modelling suggests no reduction in cigarette smoking prevalence attributable to e-cigarette use in the USA among people aged ≥45. Misperceptions about the absolute risks (ie, cigarettes are not harmful) and relative risks (ie, e-cigarettes are more harmful than cigarettes) of tobacco products may contribute to sustained smoking prevalence and hesitancy to switch from cigarettes to e-cigarettes among older adults.MethodsParticipants reported cigarette use (n=8072) at Wave 5 (2018–2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions included six age categories (independent variable) and cigarette and e-cigarette risk perceptions (outcomes). Additional models assessed the associations between dichotomous age (≥55 vs 18–54), risk perceptions and an interaction term (independent variables) with past 12-month quit attempts and past-month e-cigarette use (outcomes).ResultsAdults aged ≥65 were less likely than adults aged 18–24 to rate cigarettes as very/extremely harmful (p<0.05). Odds of rating e-cigarettes as more harmful than cigarettes among adults aged 55–64 and ≥65 were 1.71 (p<0.001) and 1.43 (p=0.024) greater than for adults aged 18–24. This misperception was negatively associated with past-month e-cigarette use and was stronger among adults aged ≥55 (p<0.001) than adults aged <55 (p<0.001).DiscussionAdults aged ≥55 are more likely to have misperceptions about the absolute and relative risks of tobacco products, which may contribute to continued smoking. Health communications targeting this age group could modify beliefs about the perceived harms of tobacco products.

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Objectives: Cannabis and tobacco dual use is a growing concern in the United States, especially among African Americans (AAs). Dual use increases nicotine dependence and poses negative health effects. Despite decreasing numbers of people who smoke daily, nondaily smokers (NDS) are increasing. Polytobacco use, including blunt use, is higher in AA NDS than AAs who smoke daily. This study examined factors associated with cannabis use among AA NDS. Methods: Adult AA NDS participated in a randomized controlled trial (n = 278) for smoking cessation. A subset of this sample (n = 262; mean age 48.2 years; 50% male) was analyzed to identify correlates of cannabis use. Logistic regression assessed the associations of demographic, smoking-related, and psychosocial variables with cannabis use. Results: Participants smoked cigarettes on an average of 18 days of the last 30 and used 4.5 cigarettes on smoking days. Of the participants analyzed, 38% used cannabis, including blunts (ie, cigars hollowed out filled with cannabis) at baseline. Cannabis use was associated with polytobacco product use not including blunts (odds ratio [OR] 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–3.77, P = 0.012), depressive symptoms (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05–1.42, P = 0.011), and younger age (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Rates of cannabis and tobacco dual use in our sample exceed national rates. Dual use poses harmful health effects that exceed the risk of either substance alone. Findings will inform future work in tailoring treatments to vulnerable groups of people who use both tobacco and cannabis.