Highlights d Gut microbial changes in Lynch adenoma resemble later stage CRC with smaller effect d Colectomy with CRC history represented the largest effect on the Lynch microbiome d Feces metatranscriptome weakly predicted future preneoplastic adenoma development

Low-dose aspirin is recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force for primary prevention of colorectal cancer in certain individuals. However, broader implementation will require improved precision prevention approaches to identify those most likely to benefit. The major urinary metabolite of PGE 2 , 11a-hydroxy-9,15dioxo-2,3,4,5-tetranor-prostane-1,20-dioic acid (PGE-M), is a biomarker for colorectal cancer risk, but it is unknown whether PGE-M is modifiable by aspirin in individuals at risk for colorectal cancer. Adults (N ¼ 180) who recently underwent adenoma resection and did not regularly use aspirin or NSAIDs were recruited to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of aspirin at 81 or 325 mg/day for 8-12 weeks. The primary outcome was postintervention change in urinary PGE-M as measured by LC/MS. A total of 169 participants provided paired urine samples for anal-ysis. Baseline PGE-M excretion was 15.9 AE 14.6 (mean AE S.D, ng/mg creatinine). Aspirin significantly reduced PGE-M excretion (À4.7 AE 14.8) compared with no decrease (0.8 AE 11.8) in the placebo group (P ¼ 0.015; mean duration of treatment ¼ 68.9 days). Aspirin significantly reduced PGE-M levels in participants receiving either 81 (À15%; P ¼ 0.018) or 325 mg/day (À28%; P < 0.0001) compared with placebo. In 40% and 50% of the individuals randomized to 81 or 325 mg/day aspirin, respectively, PGE-M reduction reached a threshold expected to prevent recurrence in 10% of individuals. These results support that aspirin significantly reduces elevated levels of PGE-M in those at increased colorectal cancer risk to levels consistent with lower risk for recurrent neoplasia and underscore the potential utility of PGE-M as a precision chemoprevention biomarker. The ASPIRED trial is registered as NCT02394769.

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