Article Descriptors toilet training; training methods; severe mental retardation; multi ple disabilities; developmental disabilities; enuresis; encopresis; selfcare skills The Azrin and Foxx toileting study published in 1971 represented a culmination of earlier research efforts regarding the toilet training of the severely and pro foundly retarded client. This article uses the landmark study to provide a frame of reference for reviewing a decade of toilet training research. Efforts attempting to replicate the original study have been few in number and have yielded equivocal results. Modifications of the original study have added more information and have generated new areas of inquiry that give direc tion to toilet training research for the next decade.
The notion of competition and cooperation among patterns of activity is common to many models of neural networks, for example, those employing lateral inhibition. We show how these can be implemented using a combination of saturable gain and loss in a feedback configuration. Patterns compete for the energy supplied by the gain medium, but they cooperate in saturating the loss mechanism. Feedback provides the necessary iteration so that a winner can prevail. By judicious choice of optical geometry, one can tailor the balance of the two interactions. For associative memory, small signal loss magnitude is chosen to exceed small signal gain, but the loss is made to saturate at a lower intensity. Gain is placed in an image plane while loss is placed in a Fourier plane. This gives a dynamic indicative of multistability among the patterns.
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