We analyzed the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of total flavonoids (TF) found in black mulberry fruits. The TF content was 20.9 mg/g (dry weight). Two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (8.3 mg/g) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (2.9 mg/g), were identified in the fruits by UPLC. The TF of black mulberry fruits had significant reducing power and radical (OH-,, DPPH and ABTS) scavenging activities that was demonstrated in a dose-response curve. The TF had inhibitory activities on xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. In addition, TF had antinociceptive activities in the two nociceptive phases of formalin test. We used ELISA to detect the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and NO in the serum of mice. These cytokines were significantly inhibited or scavenged by TF (50 and 100 mg/kg). The results demonstrated that TF of black mulberry possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that might correlate to its antioxidant activities and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

a b s t r a c tFlotation has been used in industry for more than a half century as the primary technique for upgrading phosphate. While the flotation of phosphate was inefficient when oleic acid was used alone as a collector, therefore a mixed collector of oleic acid (HOl), linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) was employed to improve the recovery of phosphate flotation. The batch flotation results showed that the optimal composition of the mixed collector was 54 wt.% HOl, 36 wt.% LA and 10 wt.% LNA. Additionally, the effect of pH on the mixed collector application was studied while considering the surface tension, contact angle and micro-flotation. The results showed that the mixed collector should be used at a pH of 9.5. Above a pH of 9.5, the adsorption of fatty acids dimers on the apatite surface hindered phosphate flotation. The influence of the mixed collector assembly on apatite flotation was also investigated. It was demonstrated that due to its low critical micelle concentration, a sufficiently hydrophobic apatite surface could be generated at a collector concentration of 60 mg/L. In addition, zeta potential experiments suggested that collector adsorption was governed by chemisorption. FTIR and XPS spectra studies further indicated that the chemical reaction involved the carboxyl groups of fatty acids and Ca species at the apatite surface for each fatty acid in the mixed collector.

South Asia experienced a weakening of summer monsoon circulation in the past several decades, resulting in rainfall decline in wet regions. In comparison with other tropical ecosystems, quantitative assessments of the extent and triggers of vegetation change are lacking in assessing climate-change impacts over South Asia dominated by crops. Here, we use satellite-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to quantify spatial-temporal changes in vegetation greenness, and find a widespread annual greening trend that stands in contrast to the weakening of summer monsoon circulation particularly over the last decade. We further show that moisture supply is the primary factor limiting vegetation activity during dry season or in dry region, and cloud cover or temperature would become increasingly important in wet region. Enhanced moisture conditions over dry region, coinciding with the decline in monsoon, are mainly responsible for the widespread greening trend. This result thereby cautions the use of a unified monsoon index to predict South Asia's vegetation dynamics. Current climate-carbon models in general correctly reproduce the dominant control of moisture in the temporal characteristics of vegetation productivity. But the model ensemble cannot exactly reproduce the spatial pattern of satellite-based vegetation change mainly because of biases in climate simulations. The moisture-induced greening over South Asia, which is likely to persist into the wetter future, has significant implications for regional carbon cycling and maintaining food security.

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A fluorescent sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of Cr(vi) was developed and applied to spot test papers.

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