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The laccase activities of Penicillium simplicissimum H5 during solid-state fermentation with rice straw were studied. Degradation of lignocellulose was also followed. Results showed that all supplemental carbon sources inhibited the laccase activity in different degrees, while suitable concentrations of supplemental nitrogen sources remarkably enhanced the laccase activity. The enhancement of activity by the ordinary laccase inducers 2, 2¢-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and xylidine was not observed in this study. Lignocellulose degradation was improved when laccase activity was relatively low, suggesting a polymerizing function of laccase in lignin degradation by P. simplicissimum.

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Immobilized microbe technologies are expected to be effectively used in wastewater treatment. Removal of heavy-metals from wastewater by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Pc) with Ca-alginate and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was studied. The results showed that a biosorbent as Pc immobilized by Ca-alginate and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles was successfully developed. And the iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles played an important role in the increase of biosorption capacity of Pc. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis confirmed that metal ions adsorbed to the surface of the biosorbents were partly transmitted to the interior of biosorbents, mainly embedded with iron oxide nanoparticles and Ca-alginate. Moreover, it was found that MNPs-Ca-alginate immobilized Pc showed a good affinity to various heavy metals, such as Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) or Mg(II) and so on. The results proved the high efficiency of the biosorbents for heavy-metal removal and its potential application in the treatment of metal-containing wastewater.

The effect ofPhanerochaete chrysosporium(Pc) on the characteristics of humic substances (HS) was investigated during composting of agricultural wastes. The dynamic changes of HS, fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA) and the humification index (HI) were monitored during a 60-day composting. The results showed that the formation of FA was not obviously influenced, while HA formation was improved by the inoculum ofPc. During the composting process, HI increased from 0.28, 0.29 to 2.23 and 3.17 in the control and the treatment, respectively. This result indicated thatPccould significantly enhance the degree of HS aromatization (P<0.05). This research helps to know the contribution ofPcto the formation of HS during composting and provide some useful information for the development of efficient methods to increase the content of HS in the composting.