Bariatric surgery is recognized as the most clinically and cost-effective treatment for people with severe and complex obesity. Many people presenting for surgery have pre-existing low vitamin and mineral concentrations. The incidence of these may increase after bariatric surgery as all procedures potentially cause clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies. Therefore, preparation for surgery and long-term nutritional monitoring and follow-up are essential components of bariatric surgical care. These guidelines update the 2014 British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society nutritional guidelines. Since the 2014 guidelines, the working group has been expanded to include healthcare professionals working in specialist and non-specialist care as well as patient representatives. In addition, in these updated guidelines, the current evidence has been systematically reviewed for adults and adolescents undergoing the following procedures: adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, Rouxen-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch. Using methods based on Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology, the levels of evidence and recommendations have been graded. These guidelines are comprehensive,

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In this study, reducing health risks was not the main motivator for people deciding to lose weight. Increasing intrinsic sense of worth gained by losing weight and continued motivation appear to be related to success. The differing experiences of people undertaking each of the four diets suggest that matching diet regimen to individual is important.

The bananas are thought to be particularly sensitive to changes in the environment. This review considers some historical and recent investigations into the response of the leaf, root and reproductive system to the environment. Monteith's analysis of the response of plants to intercepted radiation is appropriate for analyzing the productivity of bananas and plantains. The banana is sensitive to soil water deficits, and expanding tissues such as emerging leaves and growing fruit are among the first to be affected. As soil begins to dry, stomata close and leaves remain highly hydrated, probably through root pressure. Productivity is affected because of the early closure of stomata. We find the common belief that bananas use large amounts of water does not have a strong physiological basis. Improvements in water-use efficiency in irrigated plantations could come from a closer match between plant water use and the amount of water applied. We examine recent data on water-use efficiency of different banana cultivars and propose that agronomists, physiologists and breeders could quantify the amount of water available in each rain-fed environment and work towards directing more of that water through the plant. The banana is day neutral for floral induction, but photoperiods of less than 12 h are associated with a slowing in the rate of bunch initiation that is independent of temperature expressed as growing degree days. This may contribute to seasonal variations in banana flowering, even in more tropical environments with moderate temperatures. Key words: crop yield, leaf system, light, photoperiod, photosynthesis, reproductive system, root system, temperature, water supply Ecofisiologia de bananeiras (Musa spp.): Bananeiras são particularmente sensíveis a mudanças no ambiente. Nesta revisão, exploram-se alguns estudos clássicos e recentes sobre as respostas ao ambiente da folha, raiz e sistema reprodutivo dessa espécie. A análise de Monteith sobre as respostas das plantas à radiação interceptada mostrou-se apropriada para a análise da produtividade de bananeiras. Bananeiras são sensíveis ao déficit hídrico do solo, particularmente tecidos em expansão tais como as folhas em formação e os frutos em crescimento. Na medida em que o solo começa a secar, os estômatos se fecham e as folhas se mantêm altamente hidratadas, provavelmente devido à pressão radicular. A produtividade é afetada, em função do fechamento estomático. A crença geral de que bananeiras usam grandes quantidades de água não tem forte embasamento fisiológico. O aumento na eficiência do uso da água em cultivos irrigados pode advir de aumentos na densidade de plantio e quantidade de água aplicada. Examinam-se dados recentes sobre a eficiência do uso da água em diferentes cultivares de banana e propõe-se que agrônomos, fisiologistas e melhoristas possam quantificar a quantidade de água disponível nos vários ambientes de sequeiro, de modo a maximizar a eficiência do uso da água pela planta. A bananeira é uma espécie neutra para a indução floral, porém fotoperíod...

The present study showed that dietetic support using e-mail can be used effectively in reducing weight gain velocity and assisting in the maintenance of weight loss. It is a system that can be used in the UK NHS to reach many people.

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Caloric restriction (CR) slows aging in many species and protects some animals from age-related hearing loss (ARHL), but the effect on humans is not yet known. Because rhesus monkeys are long-lived primates that are phylogenically closer to humans than other research animals are, they provide a better model for studying the effects of CR in aging and ARHL. Subjects were from the pool of 55 rhesus monkeys aged 15-28 years who had been in the Wisconsin study on CR and aging for 8-13.5 years. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) with f2 frequencies from 2211-8837 Hz and auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds from clicks and 8, 16, and 32 kHz tone bursts were obtained. DPOAE levels declined linearly at approximately 1 dB/year, but that rate doubled for the highest frequencies in the oldest monkeys. There were no interactions