The authors describe a case of an unusual origin of both vertebral arteries in a singular cadaver. On the left, the artery arises directly from the common trunk of vertebral and subclavian artery at the aortic arch and enters the transverse cervical foramina at C VI. On the right, the artery originates from the right common carotid artery and enters the transverse foramina at C III. Additional anomalies were observed on the aortic arch: the common trunk of both common carotid arteries, the common trunk of the left vertebral and subclavian artery, and as a last branch, the retroesophageal right subclavian artery. The morphometric measurements of the vertebral arteries were performed. The literature on the variations of the vertebral arteries is reviewed and their clinical importance for diagnostical procedures and head and neck surgery stressed. Clin. Anat. 12:281–284, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

No abstract

The authors describe a case of an unusual origin of both vertebral arteries in a singular cadaver. On the left, the artery arises directly from the common trunk of vertebral and subclavian artery at the aortic arch and enters the transverse cervical foramina at C VI. On the right, the artery originates from the right common carotid artery and enters the transverse foramina at C III. Additional anomalies were observed on the aortic arch: the common trunk of both common carotid arteries, the common trunk of the left vertebral and subclavian artery, and as a last branch, the retroesophageal right subclavian artery. The morphometric measurements of the vertebral arteries were performed. The literature on the variations of the vertebral arteries is reviewed and their clinical importance for diagnostical procedures and head and neck surgery stressed.

: The effect of repeated sevoflurane and nitrous oxide exposure on immunity in rabbits. Vet. arhiv 88, 37-48, 2018. ABSTrACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated/prolonged exposure to sevoflurane and nitrous oxide on the immune response in rabbits. Venous blood samples were obtained from twenty New Zealand rabbits, randomly allocated to four groups of five rabbits each. Group A rabbits served as controls, breathing 100% oxygen, group B rabbits inhaled a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide, group C inhaled a combination of oxygen and sevoflurane, and group D inhaled a combination of oxygen, nitrous oxide and sevoflurane. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportions of CD45+ and CD21 + leukocytes subpopulations. Peripheral lymph nodes, lungs and spleen were sampled and subjected to histologic examination. the greatest changes in the proportion of CD21 + and CD45 + cell counts on day 0 and day 21 showed a 30% decrease. This study demonstrated that sevoflurane alone and in combination with nitrous oxide exerts a strong immunosuppressive effect, modifying the physiological values of the hematologic parameters, and inducing histopathological alterations in peripheral lymph node, lung and spleen tissues.