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There were no significant gender-related differences regarding nonconventional MRI measures. GM and central atrophy are more advanced in male patients, whereas WM atrophy is more advanced in female patients. These gender-related MRI differences may be explained by the effect of sex hormones on brain damage and repair mechanisms.

Purpose The purpose was to investigate the changes of the psoas major muscles (PM) cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat infiltration in the PM and to investigate the association between the morphology of the PM and expression of the degenerative changes of lumbar spine in patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods T2-weighted scans for measurements of the CSA and analysis of fat infiltration were performed on 42 patients and 49 controls using a 1.5 Tesla MR system. For a quantitative analysis of fat tissue infiltration a 4-grade visual scale was used. Results Patients had bigger CSA of the PM than controls at the levels of L3/L4 and L4/L5 intervertebral disc (P \ 0.05). Patients with apparent degenerative changes of the lumbar spine had smaller CSA of the PM compared to the patients without apparent changes at the levels of L3/L4 and L4/L5 (P \ 0.05). At the levels of L4/L5 and L5/S1 patients with present Modic changes in the lumbar vertebral bodies showed smaller CSA of the PM compared to the patients without Modic changes (P \ 0.05). However, CSA of the PM in the patients with degenerative changes of lumbar spine and Modic changes was still bigger than the one of the controls. At all analyzed levels correlation between CSAs of the PM and fat infiltration of the lumbar paraspinal muscles was negative. Conclusion Results suggest increased activity of the PM in LBP patients but PM also remains active regardless of the presence of degenerative and Modic changes of the lumbar spine.