2-[Bis(methylthio)methylene]propanedinitrile 1a reacted in one-pot successively with piperidine, sodium sulfide, chloroacetonitrile, and potassium carbonate to afford 3-amino-5-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-thiophenedicarbonitrile 2a. Similar reaction using the last three reagents with ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylate 1b produced ethyl 4-amino-5-cyano-2-(methylthio)thiophene-3-carboxylate 2b. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and mass spectral data. Antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds are also reported.
In the title compound, C9H12N4O, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation and makes a dihedral angle of 42.49 (11)° with the approximately planar pyrazole moiety [maximum deviation = 0.038 (2) Å]. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and a weak C—H⋯O interaction link the molecules into sheets lying parallel to (110).
Palm oil milling at high temperature degrades heat-sensitive phytonutrients. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of mild thermal processing (<60 °C) on phytonutrient content, antioxidant capacity, and minor lipid constituents of crude palm oils (CPO). This study showed that the mild-heat pressed CPO contained 52% higher carotene and 57% higher squalene than the highheat pressed CPO (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the mild-heat pressed CPO showed 2.8 times greater antioxidants than the high-heat pressed CPO, which coincided with a higher polyphenol content preserved by the mild thermal process. Upon further investigation into the lipid profile of CPO, overall compositional differences by main and subclasses between treatments were not significant. Nevertheless, several species of galactolipids, polyketides, and sphingolipid derivatives were significantly higher in the mild-heat pressed CPO. Overall, this study suggests that the mild thermal process could preserve essential phytonutrients and minor lipids in palm oil, enhancing its antioxidant properties.
In the title compound, C11H12N4S, the thiophene ring is roughly planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.012 (1) Å for the S atom, and makes a dihedral angle of 7.89 (8)° with the mean plane of the piperidine ring, which is in a chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by pairs of centrosymmetric intermolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which results in the formation of a step-wise chain parallel to [10].
During the milling process of palm oil, the degree of palm fruit ripeness is a critical factor that affects the quality and quantity of the oil. As the palm fruit matures, its chlorophyll level decreases, and since chlorophyll in oil has undesirable effects on hydrogenation, bleachability, and oxidative degradation, it’s important to monitor the chlorophyll content in palm oil during the milling process. This study investigated the use of light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LICF) for non-invasive and real-time monitoring of chlorophyll content in diluted crude palm oil (DCO) located at the dilution and oil classification point in palm oil mill. An LICF probe was installed at the secondary pipe connected to main DCO pipeline, and the system communicates with a computer located in a separate control room via a Wi-Fi connection. Continuous measurements were recorded with an integration time of 500 ms, averaging of 10, and a time interval of 1 min between each recording during the oil mill’s operation. All data were stored on the computer and in the cloud. We collected 60 DCO samples and sent them to the laboratory for American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) measurement to compare with the LICF signal. The LICF method achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.88 with the AOCS measurements, and it also provided a direct, quantitative, and unbiased assessment of the fruit ripeness in the mill. By incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and cloud storage, this LICF system enables remote and real-time access to data for chemometrics analysis.
The title compound, C20H19Cl2N5O2S, was obtained from the reaction of 4-chlorobenzoyl isothiocyanate with diethylenetriamine. The imidazolidine ring is slightly twisted with an N—C—C—N torsion angle of 15.4 (4)°, while the thiourea moiety maintains its trans–cis geometry. The molecule is stabilized by intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure features N—H⋯O, N—H⋯S and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions between benzene rings with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.607 (3) Å.
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