A dyslipidemic pattern was associated with HIV infection itself, was more severe in users of PI-containing HAART, but was not present in women taking non-PI HAART.

Background Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in HIV + women, but less is known about the longitudinal evolution of BMD and fracture incidence. Methods In 100 HIV+ and 68 HIV− premenopausal women in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), BMD was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) at index visit and after a median of 2.5 years. Results In HIV+ women, BMD at index visit was normal but 5% lower at the LS and FN than in HIV− women. Annual percent decrease in BMD did not differ between HIV+ and HIV− women at the LS (−0.8±0.2% vs −0.4±0.2%, p=0.20) or FN (−0.8±0.3% vs −0.6±0.3%, p=0.56), and remained similar after adjustment for age, weight, and BMD at index visit. Among HIV+ women, bone loss was associated with vitamin D deficiency and opiate use but not with use or class of antiretrovirals. Incidence of self-reported fracture was 0.74/100 person-years in HIV+ women, and similar in HIV− women. Conclusions In premenopausal HIV+ women, index BMD was lower than comparable HIV− women; however, rates of bone loss at the LS and FN were similar over 2.5 years of observation, irrespective of ART.

Routine oral glucose tolerance testing of HIV-infected women is not supported by these findings. Elucidation of putative perturbations from HIV or antiretroviral medications requires direct studies of insulin resistance and beta-cell function.

BackgroundLipoprotein profiles in HIV-infected African women have not been well described. We assessed associations of lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular risk with HIV-infection and CD4 count in Rwandan women.MethodsCross-sectional study of 824 (218 HIV-negative, 606 HIV+) Rwandan women. Body composition by body impedance analysis, CD4 count, and fasting serum total cholesterol (total-C), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were measured. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated from Friedewald equation if TG < 400 and measured directly if TG ≥ 400 mg/dl.ResultsBMI was similar in HIV+ and -negative women, < 1% were diabetic, and HIV+ women were younger. In multivariate models LDL was not associated with HIV-serostatus. HDL was lower in HIV+ women (44 vs. 54 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) with no significant difference by CD4 count (p = 0.13). HIV serostatus (p = 0.005) and among HIV+ women lower CD4 count (p = 0.04) were associated with higher TG. BMI was independently associated with higher LDL (p = 0.01), and higher total body fat was strongly associated with higher total-C and LDL. Framingham risk scores were < 2% in both groups.ConclusionsIn this cohort of non-obese African women HDL and TG, but not LDL, were adversely associated with HIV infection. As HDL is a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) events in women, this HIV-associated difference may confer increased risk for CV disease in HIV-infected women.

Background Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in HIV-infected women and men. Methods We analysed cross-sectional BMD measured by regional dual X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) in 152 HIV-negative and 274 HIV-positive (HIV+) women, adjusted for traditional low BMD risk factors. Results BMD was significantly lower in protease inhibitor (PI) users than in all other groups, and highest in HIV-negative women. In multivariate analyses the prevalence of T-score <-1.0 was significantly higher in the HIV+ women naive to antiretroviral therapy (ART; odds ratio [OR] 4.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61, 11.8) and the women receiving PI-containing HAART (OR 3.72, CI 1.43, 9.68), with a non-significant difference in non-PI HAART users (OR 2.43, CI 0.92, 6.45), compared with HIV-negative women. In pair-wise adjusted comparisons, BMD was lower in ART-naive than in HIV-negative women (1.22 versus 1.30 g/cm2 at LS; P=0.004), in PI compared with non-PI HAART users (1.00 versus 1.05 g/cm2 at FN; P=0.014) and with those ART-naive (1.00 versus 1.03 g/cm2 at FN; P=0.146). Potential confounders, including duration of ART, prior treatment regimens and traditional risk factors for low BMD did not explain these differences. Longer lopinavir use was significantly correlated with lower BMD (r2=-0.39, P=0.024 and r2=-0.46, P=0.006 at LS and FN, respectively) and longer efavirenz use with higher BMD (r2=+0.32, P=0.004 at FN). Conclusions HIV infection was associated with lower BMD in women, independent of the traditional risk factors for low BMD. PI-containing HAART compared with non-PI-containing HAART, and longer lopinavir use, were both associated with lower BMD, and efavirenz use was associated with higher BMD.