Medical Tourism is an occasion where people who live in one country travel to another country to receive medical treatment, dental or surgical care. It is a growing new niche market in developing countries, where they can expand tourism products and maximize revenues. Recently, Egypt has emerged as a new medical destination through the innovation 'Tour n' Cure', which motivates patients of Hepatitis 'C' to visit Egypt to receive affordable medical tourism packages. The study primary aim is to examine the contemporary growth of 'medical tourism', where medical treatment is deliberately associated with tourism. Moreover, the research explored international tourists' perception of medical tourism in Egypt. A questionnaire survey was conducted among a random sample drawn from tourists who used medical services in Egypt. The findings indicated that most of the tourists who visited Egypt for medical purpose were from Arab and Muslim countries, where they receive high quality medical services at international standards medical facilities at affordable prices, while staying in a first class accommodation and enjoying Egypt tourists' attractions.

Background: Blunt abdominal trauma is seen with increasing frequency in emergency rooms and is continuous to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Intra-abdominal injuries following blunt trauma are of great medico-legal importance to forensic experts. Aim:The study aimed to investigate the contribution of non-invasively and rapidly obtained clinical presentation and biochemical parameters in the early diagnosis of intra-abdominal (IA) injuries in blunt trauma patients, then develop a scoring system and investigate its clinical applicability as pre-test to determine whether abdominal CT should be performed during the diagnosis or not. This may help to decrease number of malpractice claims due to medical negligence. Methods and results: A prospective study was conducted on 30 adult patients with blunt abdominal trauma presented to Emergency department (ED) of Ain shams university hospitals (ASUHS). Patients were classified into two groups: group 1: adult patients with blunt abdominal trauma with normal CT abdomen. Group 2: adult patients with blunt abdominal trauma with abnormal CT abdomen. For every patient, demographic, trauma, and clinical data were collected. Laboratory parameters measured included blood hemoglobin level, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, pancreatic enzymes and finally CT abdomen was done. The mean age for the adult patients with blunt abdominal trauma was 34 ± 11 years. Male to female ratio was 2:1 with no significant importance. There was no significant difference between both groups of the study as regards aetiology and delay time of trauma and the most common cause of BAT was motor car accidents that compromised (36.7%) of all patients. There was no significant difference between both groups of study as regards abdominal symptoms and signs. Regarding vital signs, incidence of patients with high pulse rate per minute more than 100 bpm and high respiratory rate more than 20 brpm were highly significant in group II than group I. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding blood pressure. As regards the conscious level, there was significant difference between both groups of study. Hemoglobin level was significantly lower group II than group I with cutoff point level equal to or less than 9.8gm/dl. AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, amylase and lipase levels showed no significant difference between both groups. According to CT, the spleen was the most injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma patients (43.8%) followed by the liver 4 cases (25%). Conclusion: A scoring system could be done by the sum of points obtained from each parameter (Hb level, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and conscious level). The score points range from (0-4). It was found that the patients with score (0-2) were mainly with normal CT abdomen. On the other hand, patients with score (1-4) were mainly with positive CT findings. So, this scoring system can be used for the early prediction of the presence of IAIs in BAT patients and as a pretest for the need of CT. Recommendations: Blood hem...

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Background to compare and describe outcomes regarding the prevalence of dental caries among group of Egyptian students using two caries assessment indices; DMFS and ICDAS II. Methods This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 2760 school students with age range from 15–18 years. Participants were selected randomly from public secondary schools in the Great Cairo, Egypt. The examinations were achieved by 6 trained and previously calibrated examiners using a diagnostic mirror, compressed air and a WHO probe. Two different methods of caries detection were used; DMFS index and ICDAS II system. In DMFS index; the number of decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) surfaces was recorded. In the ICDAS II, the assessment of both cavitated and non-cavaitated carious, missed and teeth with restorations /sealants was recorded. Examiners performed the oral examination for both scoring systems in an alternating manner. Data were collected and subsequently analyzed. Results The prevalence of dental caries among secondary school students in the Great Cairo was (69.56%) and (78.29%) for DMFS and ICDAS II, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the DMFS and ICDAS II methods regarding the recorded number of caries affected teeth and cavitated teeth surfaces. Conclusions The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian adolescent is high. ICDAS scoring system revealed higher caries prevalence values than DMFS method. ICDAS method is the best choice for the preventive goals, while DMFS is sufficient for clinical goals.

Importance-Performance Analysis is a common technique that is used to understand customer satisfaction and service quality. As a method, it has been used effectively in education to close the loop between curriculum design, course feedback in class and graduate performance of learned tasks on the job. Using its' output helps to better understand the intended learning outcomes and related courses and thereby improve tourism studies program. This paper briefly revisits the IPA methodology integrated into Kirkpatrick's four-level framework of evaluation. A questionnaire survey was conducted among tourism studies graduates of the Higher Institute of Tourism and Hotels in Egypt in order to assess the degree to which learned knowledge or skills transferred to the actual job. The results demonstrated that data as a function of importance and performance allowed identification of working areas and those need further modification or rather removal. The implications derived by this study provide useful insights for enhancing programs of tourism studies in the Egyptian higher education.