The death of a loved one is recognized as one of life's greatest stresses, with reports of increased mortality and morbidity for the surviving spouse or parent, especially in the early months of bereavement. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence to date to identify physiological changes in the early bereaved period, and evaluate the impact of bereavement interventions on such physiological responses, where they exist. Research to date suggests that bereavement is associated with neuroendocrine activation (cortisol response), altered sleep (electroencephalography changes), immune imbalance (reduced T-lymphocyte proliferation), inflammatory cell mobilization (neutrophils), and prothrombotic response (platelet activation and increased vWF-ag) as well as hemodynamic changes (heart rate and blood pressure), especially in the early months following loss. Additional evidence suggests that bereavement interventions have the potential to be of value in instances where sleep disturbance becomes a prolonged feature of complicated grief, but have limited efficacy in maintaining immune function in the normal course of bereavement.
Review question / Objective: What is the impact of simulation on medication errors among nursing undergraduates? PICO Participants: Undegraduate nursing students. Intervention: Simulation-based Learning, simulation as an educational method that replaces or amplifies experiences. Controls : Both no treatment (usual learning) and active (Low Fidelity simulation) control conditions were considered. Outcome: Primary outcome medication knowledge and competency performance. Condition being studied: Simulation is an educational method that mimics reality and is used to replace or support clinical practice and enhance skills for nursing students to master and manage medication administration. INPLASY registration number: This protocol was registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY) on 07 February 2023 and was last updated on 07 February 2023 (registration number INPLASY202320029).
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