Developments, trends, business climate, conditions, factors influencing the efficiency and results of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the energy sector are explored in this research. PESTLE (political, economic, social, technological, legal, environmental) analysis was performed in order to determine the driving forces of M&As in the energy industry. Considering the motivation and main questions of the study, a sample of global M&A deals that have occurred during the period 1995–2020 has been analyzed. DataStream 5.1 database by Thomson Reuters was employed to identify the sample of global energy companies that took over another company in the period 1995–2020. According to the research, while the role and presence of M&As in the energy industry are increasing, the purpose of the M&A deals has changed remarkably. During 1995–2010, most M&A events were conducted in order to explore synergies and benefit from cost reduction. Since the last decade, firms are pursuing M&As in the search of growth opportunities, ensuring supply and reflecting demand for green development of ecological environment and ongoing changes in the nature of energy.
Background: The term digital natives refer to those born since the 1980s and have been growing up surrounded by technology. On the other hand, digital immigrants are born before 1980s and learned how to use technology later in life.
The aim of this paper is to fi nd out the forecasting model that is the one, which gives the best output of forecasting. So that policy makers can be benefi ted from this research. Thus, this research will also evaluate the performance of ARMA, and Box-Jenkins (ARIMA) forecasting models for KIBOR in case of Pakistan. Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rates (KIBOR) is the average interest rate at which banks want to lend money to other banks. KIBOR as a benchmark, to encourage transparency, to promote consistency in market based pricing and to improve management of the market risk undertaken by banks. Researchers have used 6-month rates of KIBOR; data is of 4 years from 2012 to 2015. Therefore, keeping in view of the importance of KIBOR, the objective of this research is to forecast, Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rates (KIBOR) using time series autoregressive moving average (ARMA), Box-Jenkins (ARIMA) model. The study is signifi cant at 1%, the forecasting of rates shows that the rates are very close to the actual one and it further concluded that the applied model Box-Jenkins (ARIMA) is perfect for the forecasting. The results of AIC revealed that there is no evidence of autocorrelation and there is no sample error and the model is useful and robust. It is fi nally concluded that the forecasting of KIBOR rates by ARIMA (Box-Jenkins) model is very helpful for policy makers. The results extracted from this model are reliable for making any forecasting and also benefi cial for government functionaries, fi nancial experts and policy makers of fi nancial institutions in order to device their future strategies.
The contemporary paradigm for sustainable development assumes single-vector economic and social progress and focuses on human-centrism and social quality. In a human-centered model, people become not only a resource component of sustainable economic growth, but also the main value of society. Human ability to participate in different areas of society, which will enhance well-being and clarify his/her personal potential, is the quintessence of the social quality concept. Under this concept, priority is given to decent work, which outlines an action strategy in implementing social and labor reform to ensure sustainable social and labor development. This study seeks to justify the need to develop a decent work institute in Ukraine as an imperative of social quality. This is based on the concept within which the decent work institute is considered in the context of the Work 4.0 social and labor model, which is inherent in the new Industry 4.0 business structure. Work 4.0 is presented as a theoretical and applied platform of labor and employment. It results from large-scale and multi-vector technical and technological innovations, organizational and business changes that create new opportunities, risks and threats to economically active people in the digital ecosystem. The analysis has revealed the lack of decent work due to threateningly high unemployment, the spread of atypical employment, keeping wage payments to a minimum, destruction of the collective agreement in regulation of social and labor relations, the risks of occupational diseases and work-related incidents. The article substantiates the need to formulate an economic policy which should be based on an effective social and labor policy aimed at overcoming the deficit of decent work, preventing threats to social quality and creating, on this basis, the prerequisites for sustainable socioeconomic development.
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