Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer and imposes a lifelong healthcare burden on millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Sameh Saber implemented conceptualization of this research idea, methodology development, experiments, preparation of cubosomes, writing original draft, data collection, data analysis, editing, interpretation, and final revision;

Background: Treatment of frail elderly patients with pancreatic cancer is still a major problem due to intolerance to standard chemotherapy doses. Aim: This study aims to compare the low-dose gemcitabine over 6 hours (LD6H) to the standard gemcitabine protocol in terms of clinical benefit, survival, and safety in the frail elderly patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods: Patients enrolled in this trial were randomly assigned by in a 1:1 fashion via closed envelope method to either receive gemcitabine of 1000 mg/m 2 over 30-minute infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of every 4-week cycle (standard protocol arm) or gemcitabine as a weekly low-dose (250 mg/m 2) over 6-hour infusion (LD6H arm). Results: We enrolled eighty-two eligible frail elderly patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard gemcitabine protocol (40 patients) or low-dose (250 mg/m 2) gemcitabine over 6-hour infusion, given weekly (42 patients). There was no significant difference between the standard group and low-dose group as regard of the overall response rate (p = 0.654), the disease control rate (DCR) (p = 0.845), the median progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.908) and the overall survival (OS) (p = 0.331). The low-dose regimen had a significantly lower incidence of adverse effects grades 3 or 4 when compared to the standard regimen: (p = 0.024 for fatigue, p = 0.

Introduction and Aim: Radical cystectomy is the traditional treatment of cancer bladder; however, bladder preservation in selective patients is beneficial. To evaluate the efficacy of transurethral resection plus chemo-radiation in achieving bladder preservation, using conformal radiotherapy and twice weekly Gemcitabine. Patients and Methods:Thirty seven patients with good performance status, and maximum trans-urethral resection received 46GY /23 fractions with twice weekly Gemcitabine 30mg/m 2 . Evaluation was done after 2 weeks by cystoscopy and biopsy from the tumor bed. Patients who had complete response (CR) subjected for phase II 20 GY/10 fractions /2 weeks with twice weekly Gemcitabine 30 mg/m 2 . However, patients who had incomplete response subjected for radical cystectomy.Results: Thirty two (86.4%) patients had CR. The treatment schedule was tolerable and was associated with moderate toxicity that was easily treated. Six patients developed G3 toxicity that required treatment interruption until improvement. After 2 years of follow up, 29 patients achieved good local control with 2 years local recurrence free survival was 79%. The 2 years overall survival and bladder intact survival was 70% and 69% respectively. Conclusions:Tri-modality bladder-sparing approach consists of transurethral resection, chemotherapy twice weekly Gemcitabine and radiotherapy is well tolerated, with high rate of bladder preservation. This approach may be considered as a reasonable alternative to cystectomy in the proper selected patients.

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