Many agricultural soils in Egypt irrigated with untreated wastewater. Herein, we investigated the effect of untreated industrial wastewater irrigation on the soil and fodder plant Corchorus olittorius (Jew mallow). It also aimed to assess its effect on the growth measurements as well as analyses of soils, irrigation waters, and plants for heavy metal and nutrient concentrations. Significant differences between irrigation waters and soil irrigated with fresh and wastewater were recognized. Wastewater irrigation leads to remarkable reduction in the growth parameters and reduced its vegetative biomass. The concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn were high significant and above phytotoxic concentrations in leaves (edible part) and roots of wastewater-irrigated plant. The present study indicated that Jew mallow plant tends to phytostabilize (Cd, Ni, and Mn) in its root and had the ability to translocate (Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn) to its leaves. Higher concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the roots than leaves indicate that the roots are hyper-accumulators for Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn more than the leaves. The research study recommended that there is a need to protect the soil from contamination through regular monitoring and not to cultivate Jew mallow in wastewater-irrigated soil and that it had a high capacity to accumulate heavy metals in its edible part and causes several harmful health effects for consumers.

Trace metals (TMs) that accumulated in different crops irrigated with untreated wastewater are public hazard problem. The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of utilizing untreated agricultural water in the irrigation system of the peas crop (Pisum sativum L.) until seed production on soil and plant characteristics. It also aimed to assess the effect of the applied wastewater on nutrients and TM contents in both soil and different plant parts (root, shoot ,and seed), and it extended to study TMs' bioaccumulation and translocation ability of pea plant. Three composite soil and water samples were collected from the agricultural field (30°32'N and 31°0′E) and agricultural wastewater effluent (30°34.5'N and 31°00.42′E) in Shebin El-Kom city used in irrigation of different crops. A pot experiment (each pot of 15 × 20 cm) was carried out in the botanic garden of Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt. TMs and nutrients were investigated for soil and plant samples. There was a significant increase in trace metal contents: cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) for soil and pea plants as a result of irrigation with wastewater. Also, it caused a significant decrease in soil nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K) and plant (N, P, K, carbohydrates, and proteins) nutrients. A significant decline in pea growth parameters and the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid in pea leaves were recorded. A high significant in TMs content for seeds (edible parts) was recorded (

Usage of wastewater to irrigate crops increases in Egypt and the whole world as a result of water shortage. This study is conducted to explore the potential of Abelmoschus esculentus Moench. (Okra plant) to accumulate and translocate eight trace metals: lead: Pb, cadmium: Cd, chromium: Cr, copper: Cu, iron: Fe, manganese: Mn, nickel: Ni and zinc: Zn in its different tissues due to irrigation with untreated industrial wastewater. It extended to assess the effect of the irrigation with wastewater on the growth parameters, nutrients, pigments and organic contents of the cultivated okra plants.Two studied sites at South of Cairo was conducted, the rst site (29°42'31.17" N and 31°15'11.56" E); represented by ve cultivated elds irrigated with Nile water (control) and the second site (29°42'37.87" N and 31°17'14.53" E); elds irrigated with e uent receive untreated industrial wastewater. Three composite soil and irrigated water samples were collected from each site. A signi cant decrease in nutrients: nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and Phosphorous (P) in soil and Plants were resulted due to irrigation with wastewater. Also, there was a signi cant increase in trace metals concentration in both soil and plants irrigated with wastewater. A signi cant decrement in okra growth parameters and leaves photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) due to irrigation with wastewater. Iron was the highest accumulated metal in the plant's fruits (edible part) irrigated with wastewater.

Heavy metal contamination of food crop plants is viewed as a global issue. Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), and mercury (Hg) are poisonous. Depending on their concentration and capacity for bioaccumulation, they can provide a range of health risks.This research sought to investigate the effects of toxic metals (TMs) on the growth characteristics of produced tomatoes grown under wastewater irrigation. Additionally, it looked into the potential repercussions of both domestic and foreign individuals consuming this plant. In south Cairo, Egypt, two study locations were looked into: a control site in Abu Ragwan, which received water from tributaries of the Nile River, and a contaminated site in El-Shobak El-Sharky, which had raw industrial wastewater. The nutrients of soil and tomato plants (N, P, and K) decreased (P < 0.01), while TMs increased (P < 0.001) significantly as a result of using wastewater for irrigation. Except for Cu, all examined TM accumulating in tomato plants’ roots as opposed to shoots had a bioaccumulation factor (BF) > 1. However, the tomato plant’s shoot had solely undergone Pb and Ni translocation and storage, with a translocation factor (TF) > 1. A significant amount of Fe (5000.1 mg kg−1), Pb (360.7 mg kg−1), and Mn (356.3 mg kg−1) were present in the edible fruits. The ingestion of contaminated crops increases the daily intake rate of metals (DIR). The values of the high hazard quotient (HQ) were obtained (2073.8 and 2558.9 for Pb, 574.0 and 708.3 for Cd, and 41.1 and 50.7 for Fe for adults and children, respectively). Therefore, tomato plants grown in soils irrigated with untreated wastewater may offer a greater danger to human health, indicating that they should not be grown as a crop for human consumption.

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Wadi Degla protectorate is located between latitudes 29° 51′ 51″ N to 30° 00′ 34″ N and longitudes 31° 16′ 03″ E to 31° 39′ 11 E and its length reached to 30 km. It passes through the limestone rocks of the Eastern Desert. The present study aimed to evaluate the oristic characteristics of the wild plants in Wadi Degla protectorate. Including taxonomic diversity, life and sex forms, dispersal types, economic potential, threats and national and global oristic distributions. Field visits were conducted to 185 locations in Wadi Degla. From each location, plant and seed specimens were collected. One hundred and sixty one plants belonged to 128 genera and 43 family were recorded. They parts of the wadi (up, mid and down-stream). Therophytes were the most represented life form. Bisexuals were the most represented sex form.Sarcochores were the most represented dispersal type, followed by Desmochores. Small geographic range -national habitat -non abundant plants were the most represented rarity form. For national scales, Mediterranean and Sinai regions were the most rich wild plants. For global scales, Saharo-Sindian and Mediterranean were the most represented elements. Medicinal plants were the most represented good, while solid wastes were the most represented threat.

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Wadi Degla protectorate is located between latitudes 29° 51′ 51″ N to 30° 00′ 34″ N and longitudes 31° 16′ 03″ E to 31° 39′ 11 E and its length reached to 30 km. It passes through the limestone rocks of the Eastern Desert. The present study aimed to evaluate the floristic characteristics of the wild plants in Wadi Degla protectorate. Including taxonomic diversity, life and sex forms, dispersal types, economic potential, threats and national and global floristic distributions. Field visits were conducted to 185 locations in Wadi Degla. From each location, plant and seed specimens were collected. One hundred and sixty one plants belonged to 128 genera and 43 family were recorded. They parts of the wadi (up, mid and down-stream). Therophytes were the most represented life form. Bisexuals were the most represented sex form. Sarcochores were the most represented dispersal type, followed by Desmochores. Small geographic range - national habitat - non abundant plants were the most represented rarity form. For national scales, Mediterranean and Sinai regions were the most rich wild plants. For global scales, Saharo-Sindian and Mediterranean were the most represented elements. Medicinal plants were the most represented good, while solid wastes were the most represented threat.