Despite the many past research conducted in the Cloud Computing field, some challenges still exist related to workload balancing in cloud-based applications and specifically in the Infrastructure as service (IaaS) cloud model. Efficient allocation of tasks is a crucial process in cloud computing due to the restricted number of resources/virtual machines. IaaS is one of the models of this technology that handles the backend where servers, data centers, and virtual machines are managed. Cloud Service Providers should ensure high service delivery performance in such models, avoiding situations such as hosts being overloaded or underloaded as this will result in higher execution time or machine failure, etc. Task Scheduling highly contributes to load balancing, and scheduling tasks much adheres to the requirements of the Service Level Agreement (SLA), a document offered by cloud developers to users. Important SLA parameters such as Deadline are addressed in the LB algorithm. The proposed algorithm is aimed to optimize resources and improve Load Balancing in view of the Quality of Service (QoS) task parameters, the priority of VMs, and resource allocation. The proposed LB algorithm addresses the stated issues and the current research gap based on the literature's findings. Results showed that the proposed LB algorithm results in an average of 78% resource utilization compared to the existing Dynamic LBA algorithm. It also achieves good performance in terms of less Execution time and Makespan.

Student retention is an essential measurement metric in education, indicated by retention rates, which are accumulated as students re-enroll from one academic year to the next. High retention rates can be obtained if institutions aim to provide appropriate support and teaching methods among the various practices to prevent students from deferring their studies. To address this pressing challenge faced by educational institutions, the underlying factors and the methodological aspects of building robust predictive models are reviewed and scrutinized. Educational Data Mining (EDM) and Learning Analytics (LA) have been widely adopted for knowledge discovery from educational data sources, improving the teaching practice, and identifying at-risk students. Various predictive techniques are applied in LA, such as Machine Learning (ML), Statistical Analysis, and Deep Learning (DL). To gain an in-depth review of these techniques, academic publications have been reviewed to highlight their potential to resolve Student Retention issues in education. Additionally, the paper presents a taxonomy of ML approaches and a comprehensive review of the success factors and the features that are not indicative of student performance in three different learning environments: Traditional Learning, Blended Learning, and Online Learning. The survey reveals that supervised ML and DL techniques are broadly applied in Student Retention. However, the application of ensemble and unsupervised learning clustering techniques supporting the heterogenous and homogenous groups of students is generally lacking. Moreover, static and traditional features are commonly used in student performance, ignoring vital factors such as educators-related, cognitive, and personal data. Furthermore, the paper highlights open challenges for future research directions.

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Consumer/customer relationship management (CRM) can potentially influence business as it predicts changes in people’s perspectives, which could impact future sales. Accordingly, advancements in Information Technology are under investigation to see their capabilities to improve the work of CRM. Many prediction techniques, such as Data Mining, Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL), were found to be utilized with CRM. ML methods were found to dominate other approaches in terms of the prediction of consumers’ intention to purchase. This review provides DL algorithms that are mostly used in the last five years, to support CRM to predict purchase intention for better product sales decisions. Prediction criteria related to online activities and behavior were found to be the most inputs of prediction models. DL approaches are slowly applied within purchase intention prediction due to their advanced capabilities in handling large and complicated datasets with minimum human supervision. DL models such as CNN and LSTM result in high accuracy in prediction intention with 98%. Future research uses the two algorithms (CNN, LSTM) compiled to make the best prediction consumption in CRM. Additionally, an effort is being made to create a framework for predicting purchases based on many DL algorithms and the most pertinent characteristics.

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