Acyl homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) are important intercellular signaling molecules used by many bacteria to monitor their population density in quorumsensing control of gene expression. These signals are synthesized by members of the LuxI family of proteins. To understand the mechanism of acyl-HSL synthesis we have purified the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlI protein and analyzed the kinetics of acyl-HSL synthesis by this enzyme. Purified RhlI catalyzes the synthesis of acyl-HSLs from acyl-acyl carrier proteins and S-adenosylmethionine. An analysis of the patterns of product inhibition indicated that RhlI catalyzes signal synthesis by a sequential, ordered reaction mechanism in which S-adenosylmethionine binds to RhlI as the initial step in the enzymatic mechanism. Because pathogenic bacteria such as P. aeruginosa use acyl-HSL signals to regulate virulence genes, an understanding of the mechanism of signal synthesis and identification of inhibitors of signal synthesis has implications for development of quorum sensing-targeted antivirulence molecules.Many Gram-negative bacteria synthesize acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) signal molecules that serve in a cell-to-cell communication system termed quorum sensing. Quorum sensing enables population density control of gene expression (for recent reviews of quorum sensing see refs. 1-4). Because quorum sensing has been implicated as an important factor in the expression of virulence genes in animal and plant pathogens (2, 5-7), understanding the mechanism of acyl-HSL synthesis is of importance. Although all acyl-HSLs possess an HSL ring, the length of the acyl side chain and the substitutions on the side chain differ and are specificity determinants for different quorum-sensing systems. In most systems, acyl-HSL signal synthesis requires a member of the LuxI family of proteins. LuxI family members occur in a number of different bacterial genera; all LuxI proteins direct the synthesis of specific acyl-HSLs and show sequence similarity (2-4, 8).There are three reports of in vitro catalysis of acyl-HSL synthesis by LuxI family members. The Vibrio fischeri LuxI protein was purified as a maltose-binding protein fusion (9) and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens TraI protein as a Histagged fusion (10). Both of these proteins functioned as acyl-HSL synthases when provided with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the amino donor and an appropriate acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) as an acyl donor. Subsequently, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlI protein was purified from recombinant Escherichia coli in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies. In vivo, RhlI directs the synthesis of N-butyryl-HSL and small amounts of N-hexanoyl-HSL (11). The purified protein was reported to catalyze the synthesis of butyryl-HSL when provided with butyryl-CoA, HSL, and NADPH (12). The activity of the RhlI preparation was substantially lower than the activity of the LuxI or TraI preparations (10 Ϫ6 ), thus raising concerns as to whether butyryl-CoA and HSL are relevant substrates for acyl-HSL synthesis...

Synthesis and detection of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) enables many gram-negative bacteria to engage in quorum sensing, an intercellular signaling mechanism that activates differentiation to virulent and biofilm lifestyles. The AHL synthases catalyze acylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine by acyl-acyl carrier protein and lactonization of the methionine moiety to give AHLs. The crystal structure of the AHL synthase, EsaI, determined at 1.8 A resolution, reveals a remarkable structural similarity to the N-acetyltransferases and defines a common phosphopantetheine binding fold as the catalytic core. Critical residues responsible for catalysis and acyl chain specificity have been identified from a modeled substrate complex and verified through functional analysis in vivo. A mechanism for the N-acylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine by 3-oxo-hexanoyl-acyl carrier protein is proposed.

Many bacteria use acyl homoserine lactone signals to monitor cell density in a type of gene regulation termed quorum sensing and response. Synthesis of these signals is directed by homologs of the luxI gene of Vibrio fischeri. This communication resolves two critical issues concerning the synthesis of the V. fischeri signal. (i) The luxI product is directly involved in signal synthesis-the protein is an acyl homoserine lactone synthase; and (ii) the substrates for acyl homoserine lactone synthesis are not amino acids from biosynthetic pathways or fatty acid degradation products, but rather they are S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and an acylated acyl carrier protein (ACP) from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. We purified a maltose binding proteinLuxI fusion polypeptide and showed that, when provided with the appropriate substrates, it catalyzes the synthesis of an acyl homoserine lactone. In V. fischeri, luxI directs the synthesis of N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone and hexanoyl homoserine lactone. The purified maltose binding protein-LuxI fusion protein catalyzes the synthesis of hexanoyl homoserine lactone from hexanoyl-ACP and SAM. There is a high level of specificity for hexanoyl-ACP over ACPs with differing acyl group lengths, and hexanoyl homoserine lactone was not synthesized when SAM was replaced with other amino acids, such as methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, homoserine, or homoserine lactone, or when hexanoyl-SAM was provided as the substrate. This provides direct evidence that the LuxI protein is an autoinducer synthase that catalyzes the formation of an amide bond between SAM and a fatty acyl-ACP and then catalyzes the formation of the acyl homoserine lactone from the acyl-SAM intermediate.Many Gram-negative bacteria synthesize diffusible acyl homoserine lactone molecules. These molecules serve as signals in quorum sensing, a system for cell density-dependent expression of specific sets of genes. As such, they have been termed autoinducers (for recent reviews of quorum sensing, see refs. 1-4). Acyl homoserine lactone signaling was first described in the luminous marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri (5, 6), and V fischeri has since become a model for studies of quorum sensing (1, 3, 4). The luxI gene has been shown to direct V fischeri to synthesize N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone (5), and, more recently, it also has been shown to direct the synthesis of hexanoyl homoserine lactone (7). These acyl homoserine lactones bind to the product of luxR (8), which then serves as a transcriptional activator of the luminescence genes (1-4, 9). N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone shows more activity as an autoinducer than does hexanoyl homoserine lactone (10, 11). A variety of plant and animal pathogens use quorum sensing systems homologous to the luxR-luxI system to control expression of extracellular virulence factors (1-4).There is very little known about how luxI or any of its homologs direct the synthesis of acyl homoserine lactones. Crude cell extracts of V fischeri catalyze the synthesis of N...

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Many gram-negative bacteria synthesize N-acyl homoserine lactone autoinducer molecules as quorum-sensing signals which act as cell density-dependent regulators of gene expression. We have investigated the in vivo source of the acyl chain and homoserine lactone components of the autoinducer synthesized by the LuxI homolog, TraI. In Escherichia coli, synthesis ofN-(3-oxooctanoyl)homoserine lactone by TraI was unaffected in a fadD mutant blocked in β-oxidative fatty acid degradation. Also, conditions known to induce the fadregulon did not increase autoinducer synthesis. In contrast, cerulenin and diazoborine, specific inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis, both blocked autoinducer synthesis even in a strain dependent on β-oxidative fatty acid degradation for growth. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the acyl chains in autoinducers synthesized by LuxI-family synthases are derived from acyl-acyl carrier protein substrates rather than acyl coenzyme A substrates. Also, we show that decreased levels of intracellularS-adenosylmethionine caused by expression of bacteriophage T3 S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase result in a marked reduction in autoinducer synthesis, thus providing direct in vivo evidence that the homoserine lactone ring of LuxI-family autoinducers is derived from S-adenosylmethionine.