Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection with a high mortality rate. It presents with scattered black/necrotic ulcers, white fungal elements, and progression of wounds despite seemingly adequate debridement. Diagnosis is confirmed on wound histology, however this is often delayed. There is currently no comprehensive review of burn related mucormycosis within the literature, making this the first paper to provide evidence-based treatment guidance. We performed a review of publications from 1946 - present. There were 151 cases of mucormycosis complicating burns. The mortality rate was 54.5%, and there was a significant increase in mortality with axial body site involvement compared with isolated peripheral involvement. The standard treatment was prompt and radical debridement. Utilisation of frozen section to guide debridement aided in clinical decision making. No systemic treatment reached statistical significance, however amphotericin B trended towards significance. Although there is no strong evidence for topical amphotericin B or hyperbaric oxygen, there may be benefit in some cases. This study recommends early radical debridement in conjunction with the European Confederation of Medical Mycology guidelines of IV liposomal/lipid complex amphotericin B >5mg/kg/day, with posaconazole 800mg daily in divided doses as a salvage or oral step-down 1.

This is the first major study of visual impairment in New Zealand children, and it demonstrates that ONH is an important cause of severe visual disability; with an over-representation of Maori children and younger maternal age.

Gills Onions, the nation's largest fresh-cut onion processor, pioneered an engineering marvel that takes their previously discarded onion waste and converts into energy by way of anaerobic digestion and fuel cell technology. This landmark project won Gills the American Consulting Engineers Council (ACEC) 2010 National Grand Conceptor Award.Gills Onions processes nearly 363 metric tons of onions per day and generates one third of it as wastes: peels, tops and tails. Historically, the waste was land applied at Gills Onions farming fields and resulted in multiple issues: offensive odors from fields, soil acidification, growth impairment, pests, potential ground water contamination, expensive and labor intensive waste hauling, air pollution from diesel engines, traffic control, muddy soil and waste piling up at processing facility during raining season. Gills Onions expended nearly $400,000 a year on this inconvenient, unsustainable, expensive and labor-intensive waste disposal method and realized the need for reducing the amount of waste going out of their processing facility.Research conducted in 2005 confirmed that the sugar content in onion waste lends itself to fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Gills Onion teamed up with HDR (Omaha, Nebraska) to engineer the system titled the Advanced Energy Recovery System (AERS). The AERS process contains onion juice extraction, flow equalization, an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) anaerobic digester, a heating system, biogas cleanup, fuel cells and flare. The preliminary treatment step in the AERS process reduces their onion waste by 75% on a mass basis. The separated biomass (25% of their feed on a mass basis) is sold as cattle feed. The 75% of their feed on a mass basis is processed through the UASB energy recovery process to produce biogas out of onion juice. The AERS process yields 0.6 MW of clean electricity using two fuel cells. The 0.6 MW of electricity generated from fuel cells supplies 100% of Gills base load.

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This report represents the stocktaking of the lessons learned from a series of twenty OECD case studies which examined specific market access problems arising from environmental and health requirements faced by developing country exporters. Together with a series of UNCTAD case studies and the experiences exchanged at an OECD Global Forum on Trade workshop, held in New Delhi in November 2002, the focus is on the approaches that contributed to addressing the market access difficulties. These are divided into two sections: first, those addressing information flows and capacity building needs of developing-country exporters, undertaken both by governments and non-governmental organisations; and then the procedures in developing, implementing and reviewing regulations and standards. While covering a range of natural resource-based exports and manufactures and one traded service in key OECD import markets, no generalisation can be drawn regarding the scale of the market-access problems created by environmental and health requirements.