Signal Detection Theory (SDT) has been applied to examine expertise-related differences in perceptual judgments of deceptive and non-deceptive movements in sport (e.g., handball, soccer). Deceptive actions in sport-related tasks (i.e., faking in rugby, fake passes in basketball) affects anticipation performance in both novice and expert athletes (i.e., more incorrect responses in deceptive actions compared to incorrect responses in non-deceptive actions); however, experts still outperform novices when facing deceptive actions in sport-related tasks (Güldenpenning, Kunde, & Weigelt, 2017). To date, this approach has not yet been applied to shoot/don’t shoot scenarios in law enforcement. To address this issue, we filmed actors pulling out either a weapon (i.e., gun) or a non-weapon (i.e., cell phone). We then edited the videos to create temporally-occluded stimuli. College students observed the videos and indicated whether the object was a weapon or a non-weapon. We conducted two experiments: across both we found that participants’ responses were more likely to be correct at later occlusion points, when the object was fully observable. We also found that when the object was fully observable, participants were more likely to identify the object as a gun rather than a cell phone. The results can inform the design of decision-making training for police.

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Heritability is a basic genetic parameter for quantitative traits that may determine their selection generation and intensity as well as predict their selection response and efficiency in plant breeding. Estimation of heritability varies based on experimental design. The type 2 modified augmented design (MAD2) as an unbalanced experimental design, has been proposed for evaluating numerous unreplicated test genotypes with several replicated control genotypes to adjust for soil heterogeneity. Here, we define an inter-environment correlation ( ), that is, the mean Pearson's correlation coefficient of trait performance for test genotypes between all pairs of environments, to approximate broad-sense heritability ( . Computer simulation and empirical results demonstrated that was consistent with estimates on a plot basis by ANOVA for non-missing data sets, and similar to those by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML)-based method for missing data sets. The method was shown to generally outperform the ANOVA-and REML-based methods.

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Cyber attackers commonly operate in teams, which may process information collectively and thus, may be best understood when the team is treated as the unit of analysis. Future research in Oppositional Human Factors (OHF) should consider the impact of team-influencing and team-level biases and the impact that defensive interventions have on team cognition in general. Existing measurement approaches using team interactions may be well suited for studying red teams, and how OHF interventions impact cyber attackers.