Highlights d High-alcohol-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae exist in humans d HiAlc Kpn is associated with NAFLD in a human cohort d Transplant of HiAlc Kpn into mice causes NAFLD d Feeding mice glucose led to detectable blood alcohol, suggesting a biomarker for NAFLD

In this study, we present a method for identifying sources of water pollution and their relative contributions in pollution disasters. The method uses a combination of principal component analysis and factor analysis. We carried out a case study in three rural villages close to Beijing after torrential rain on July 21, 2012. Nine water samples were analyzed for eight parameters, namely turbidity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, total bacterial count, and total coliform groups. All of the samples showed different degrees of pollution, and most were unsuitable for drinking water as concentrations of various parameters exceeded recommended thresholds. Principal component analysis and factor analysis showed that two factors, the degree of mineralization and agricultural runoff, and flood entrainment, explained 82.50% of the total variance. The case study demonstrates that this method is useful for evaluating and interpreting large, complex water-quality data sets.

The aims of this study were to determine compartmental air pollution during navigation of a large oceangoing ship and to identify preliminarily the major pollution sources. During the voyage of a bulk carrier ship, air samples were collected at 18 selected sites using a stratified sampling method. The concentrations of 15 pollutants were determined using gas chromatography. Results showed the concentrations of these pollutants varied significantly among the sampling sites, indicating major pollution sources at or nearby those locations. Five common factors extracted using factor analysis explained 89.092% of the total variance. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed the contributions to air pollution of these five common factors, i.e., the volatilization of ship paint, volatilization of ship-based oil, cooking activities, high-temperature release of rubber components on the ship and daily use of chemical products, and the application of deodorant and insecticide, were 41.07%, 25.14%, 14.37%, 11.78%, and 7.63%, respectively. Three significant groups were determined using cluster analysis based on their similarity, i.e., high, medium, and low pollution of sampling sites. This study established that the air of the bulk carrier ship was heavily polluted, and that effective identification of pollution sources could provide a scientific basis for its control.

27Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a prelude of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is the 28 most common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has been considerated to be associated with 29 the composition of gut microbiota. However, causal relationship between change of gut microbiome 30 and NAFLD remains unclear. Here we show that Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly associated 31 with NAFLD through inducing generation of endogenous ethanol. A strain of high alcohol-producing 32Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) was initially isolated from fecal samples of patient with 33 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) accompanied with auto-brewery syndrome (ABS). Gavage of 34HiAlc Kpn was capable of inducing murine model of fatty liver disease (FLD) in which had typical 35 pathological changes of hepatic steatosis and similar liver gene expression profiles to those of alcohol 36 intake in mice. Data derived from germ-free mice by gnotobiotic gavage further demonstrated that the 37 HiAlc Kpn is the major cause of the changes in FLD mice. Furthermore, using proteomic and 38 metabolitic analysis, we found that HiAlc Kpn induced generation of endogenous alcohol through the 39 2,3-butanediol fermentation pathway. More interestingly, the blood alcohol concentration was elevated 40 in FLD mice induced by HiAlc Kpn after glucose intake. Clinical analysis showed that HiAlc Kpn 41 were observed in up to 60% of patients with NAFLD. Our results suggested that HiAlc Kpn make 42 important contribution to NAFLD, possibly through generation of the endogenous alcohol. Thus, 43 targeting these bacteria might provide a novel therapeutic for clinical treatment of NAFLD. 44 45 Key words: Fatty liver disease, alcohol-producing bacteria, gut microbiota, Klebsiella pneumonia, 46Endo-AFLD 47 3 the disease normally are initiated with fat deposition in liver and followed with liver injury, including 54 steatohepatitis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma 4,5 . The major cause of 55 the AFLD is alcohol intake, while that of the NAFLD remains unclear. Increased evidence has shown 56 that NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, the metabolic/insulin resistance syndrome, 57 dyslipidemia 6-8 and alterations of gut microbiota 9 . 58Alterations of constitutional microbiota, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and 59Proteobacteria, might impair the basic in vivo functions including the immune system, the 60 maintenance of nutrition, xenobiotics metabolism, development and proliferation of intestinal cells, 61 and protection against aggressor microorganisms. Metagenomic analyses revealed that the metabolic 62 diseases such as obesity 10-13 , the metabolic syndromes 14 , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 63 cirrhosis 9 are the results of disorder of the composition of gut microbiota. Particularly, it has been 64 shown that the enrichment of Eubacterium rectale, E. rectale, Bacteroides vulgates and etc. correlates 65 with NAFLD, possibly through effecting of harmful metabolic mediators on ...