What constitutes a “civilized society”? The Oxford Dictionary defines it as one that has reached “an advanced stage of human development in which people […] behave well towards each other and share a common culture.” Yes, but there is more to “being civilized” than this. Based on Norbert Elias’ The Civilizing Process, this paper examines how the rise of populism in leading Anglo-American societies has undermined many of the essential attributes of civilized societies. Although the emergence of COVID-19 further added to this decivilizing process, COVID-19 and populism oppose each other. The former shows the empty promises and fraud of the latter, which can only be defeated by belief in science and a strong (but accountable) central state authority. Despite damaging individuals and societies, COVID-19 ironically helps strengthen the civilising process and weaken populism.

<p>Examining participants’ experiences self-medicating with LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA, this exploratory study sought to determine whether psychedelics have a future in New Zealand mental health treatment. This thesis employed a mixed-methods approach to data collection, by collecting broad-brush quantitative data via a Qualtrics survey, which then informed the qualitative data collection method of semi-structured interviews. Braun and Clarke’s (2006) steps of thematic analysis identified key themes from the interview transcripts, including the New Zealand environment, the success of the psychedelic treatment, and the creation of the ‘self-therapist’. There appears to be a robust, underground psychedelic community that offers participants support and knowledge around safe psychedelic use Congruent with international research, study participants reported successful, long-lasting effects of LSD, psilocybin and MDMA, with minimal adverse effects (Bird et al., 2021, Davis et al., 2020, Griffiths et al., 2008, Muttoni et al., 2019). The challenge of accessing legal, conventional mental health treatment meant that participants used psychedelics to craft their own safe treatment method, paying particular attention to set and setting. Overall, participants advocated for psychedelic legalisation in New Zealand and proved to be a valuable source of knowledge for future drug policy. Analysing these results, this study concluded that New Zealand’s prohibition of psychedelics fails to prevent individuals from seeking out these substances. Instead, it perpetuates societal and internal stigma and causes individuals to be wary of talking about their psychedelic-treated mental health issues. As psychedelics have been proven to be medically useful and incur minimal harm, they should be rescheduled and enabled in New Zealand drug laws, both as a form of self-medication and as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Lastly, while future research must consider psychedelics through other cultural lenses, any legalisation should be mindful of not appropriating other indigenous groups’ use of plant-based psychedelics.</p>