In order to realize a premixed compression ignition (PCI) engine, the effects of bioethanolgas oil blends and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusion combustion, smoke, NOx and thermal efficiency. The present experiment was done by increasing the ethanol blend ratio and ethanol and by increasing the EGR ratio in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. It is found that a remarkable improvement in NOx-PM trade-off can be achieved by promoting the premixing based on the ethanol blend fuel having low evaporation temperature, large latent heat and low cetane number as well, in addition, based on a marked elongation of ignition delay due to the low cetane number fuel and the low oxygen intake charge. As a result, very low levels of NOx and PM, which satisfies the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of brake thermal efficiency in the PCI engine fuelled with the 50% ethanol blend diesel fuel and the high EGR ratio. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under the highly premixed condition.

By positioning the completely rough wall locally on the hub side diffuser wall alone in the vaneless diffuser, the flow rate of rotating stall inception was decreased by 42% at a small pressure drop less than 1%. This is based on the fact that the local reverse flow occurs firstly in the hub side in most centrifugal blowers with the backswept blade impeller. The 3-D boundary layer calculation shows that the increase in wall shear component normal to the main-flow direction decreases markedly the skewed angle of the 3-D boundary layer, and results in suppression of the 3-D separation. It is also clarified theoretically that the diffuser pressure recovery is hardly deteriorated by the rough wall positioned downstream of R = 1.2 because the increase in the radial momentum change, resulting from reduction in the skewed angle of the 3-D boundary layer, supports the adverse pressure gradient.

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