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More than a decade has passed since the first concepts of predictive nanotoxicology were formulated. During this time, many advancements have been achieved in multiple disciplines, including the success stories of the fiber paradigm and the oxidative stress paradigm. However, important knowledge gaps are slowing down the development of predictive nanotoxicology and require a mutidisciplinary effort to be overcome. Among these gaps, understanding, reproducing, and modeling of nanomaterial biotransformation in biological environments is a central challenge, both in vitro and in silico. This dynamic and complex process is still a challenge for today's bioanalytics. This work explores and discusses selected approaches of the multidisciplinary efforts taken in the last decade and the challenges that remain unmet, in particular concerning nanomaterial biotransformation. It highlights some future advancements that, together, can help to understand such complex processes and accelerate the development of predictive nanotoxicology.

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This study presents a comparative analysis of the environmental and economic performances of four integrated waste and wastewater management scenarios in the city of Aarhus in Denmark. The purpose of this analysis is to deliver decision support regarding whether (i) the installation of food waste disposers in private homes (AS1) or (ii) separate collection and transport of organic waste to biogas plants is a more viable environmental and economic solution (AS2). Higher environmental benefits, e.g., mitigation of human health impacts and climate change, are obtained by transforming the existing waste combustion system into scenario (ii). Trade-offs in terms of increased marine eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity result from moving up the waste hierarchy; i.e., from waste incineration to biogas production at wastewater treatment plants with anaerobic sludge digestion. Scenario (i) performs with lower energy efficiency compared to scenario (ii). Furthermore, when considering the uncertainty in the extra damage cost to the sewer system that may be associated to the installation of food waste disposers, scenario (ii) is the most flexible, robust, and less risky economic solution. From an economic, environmental, and resource efficiency point of view, separate collection and transport of biowaste to biogas plants is the most sustainable solution.

The utility of decision-making tools for the risk governance of nanotechnology is at the core of this paper. Those working in nanotechnology risk management have been prolific in creating such tools, many derived from European FP7 and H2020-funded projects. What is less clear is how such tools might assist the overarching ambition of creating a fair system of risk governance. In this paper, we reflect upon the role that tools might and should play in any system of risk governance. With many tools designed for the risk governance of this emerging technology falling into disuse, this paper provides an overview of extant tools and addresses their potential shortcomings. We also posit the need for a data readiness tool. With the EUs NMP13 family of research consortia about to report to the Commission on ways forward in terms of risk governance of this domain, this is a timely intervention on an important element of any risk governance system.