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In this paper, a technique for improving the accuracy of a dissipated energy measurement based on the phase information-called the phase 2f lock-in infrared method-is proposed. In the conventional 2f lock-in infrared method, the dissipated energy is obtained as the double frequency component of the measured temperature change. In this work, a phase analysis of the double frequency component has been conducted. It is found that the double frequency component includes the influence of the energy dissipation and harmonic vibration of the fatigue testing machine, and the phase difference between the thermoelastic temperature change and the double frequency component is a specific value. The phase 2f lock-in method utilizes a specific phase of the dissipated energy and is effective for removing the noise component such as the thermoelastic temperature change due to the harmonic vibration of fatigue testing machine. This method provides an improvement in the accuracy of the fatigue-limit estimate and the detection of future crack initiation points based on the dissipated energy.

The formation and propagation of cracks in rolling contact fatigue were observed by synchrotron radiation computed laminography, and the effect of stringer-type inclusion orientation was examined. For longitudinal inclusions, cracks started forming at their tips. After cracks propagated toward the rolling direction, a longitudinal crack was kinked simultaneously at both its tips, and propagated toward the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction to form lateral cracks. After kinking, horizontal cracks were formed from the deepest point of a lateral crack, leading to flaking. On the other hand, for specimens with lateral inclusions, cracks propagated to the lateral direction without the formation of longitudinal cracks. Since the propagation life of lateral cracks and that of horizontal cracks were unrelated to the inclusion orientation, the rolling contact fatigue life of specimens with longitudinal inclusions was considerably longer than that of specimens with lateral inclusions.

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