This work identifies microstructural conversion mechanisms during hot deformation (at temperatures ranging from 750 °C to 1050 °C and strain rates ranging from 10−3 s−1 to 1 s−1) of a Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17) alloy with a lamellar starting microstructure and establishes constitutive formulae for predicting the microstructural evolution using finite-element analysis. In the α phase, lamellae kinking is the dominant mode in the higher strain rate region and dynamic globularization frequently occurs at higher temperatures. In the β phase, continuous dynamic recrystallization is the dominant mode below the transition temperature, T
β (880~890 °C). Dynamic recovery tends to be more active at conditions of lower strain rates and higher temperatures. At temperatures above T
β, continuous dynamic recrystallization of the β phase frequently occurs, especially in the lower strain rate region. A set of constitutive equations modeling the microstructural evolution and processing map characteristic are established by optimizing the experimental data and were later implemented in the DEFORM-3D software package. There is a satisfactory agreement between the experimental and simulated results, indicating that the established series of constitutive models can be used to reliably predict the properties of a Ti-17 alloy after forging in the (α+β) region.
[Purpose] The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in baseball pitching
velocity, the functional reach test (FR) and the simple reaction times (SRT) in young
amateur baseball players after lumbar spine patterns of neuromuscular joint facilitation
(NJF) treatment. [Subjects] The subjects were 11 young amateur baseball players. An NJF
intervention and a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) intervention were
performed. The interventions were performed one after the other with one week between
them. The order of the interventions was completely randomized. [Methods] The baseball
pitching velocity, the FR and the SRT were evaluated before and after treatment. [Results]
In the NJF group, there were significant differences in baseball pitching velocity, FR and
SRT after treatment. In the PNF group, there was a significant difference in SRT after
treatment. [Conclusion] NJF intervention shortens the SRT, increases the baseball pitching
velocity and FR, and may be recommended to improve performance in baseball players.
The degradation of current density by impurities in bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass for use in a direct ethanol fuel cell was evaluated. The degradation experiment of using a single cell was conducted by adding nine impurities, i.e., methanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, 1-propanol, allyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetal (acetaldehyde diethyl acetal), and benzaldehyde, to a 2 M ethanol aqueous solution. The current density of the single cell was degraded by the quasi bioethanol including the nine impurities. To clarify the principal poisoning impurity, we performed the cell measurement by only adding each single impurity. As a result, allyl alcohol turned out to be the main catalyst poison under the estimated condition. The negative effects by the other impurities were almost negligible.
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