The aim of this work was the selection and comparison of representative infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strains. Nine strains of IBDV, isolated at different times and from different geographic regions of Europe and China, were characterized. Batches of all strains were prepared following standardized protocols and checked for the absence of contaminating viruses. Criteria used for their characterization were: (i) the nucleotide sequence of the VP2 variable region, (ii) binding to a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and (iii) virulence in specific pathogen free chickens after infection with a standardized number of median embryo infective doses. Based on the first two criteria, two of nine strains were classified as classical virulent (cv) IBDV (F52/70, Cu-1wt), and five as very virulent (vv) IBDV (849VB, 96108, HK46, GX, Harbin). Remarkably, although a clear-cut difference was demonstrable between European cvIBDV (F52/70 and Cu-1wt) and vvIBDV (849VB and 96108) strains, there was a continuum in the pathogenicity of Chinese vvIBDVs. Our results indicate the probable existence of differences in virulence within IBDV lineages determined on the basis of antigenic typing using monoclonal antibodies and the alignment of the VP2 sequences. This indicates limitations in the analysis of IBDV pathotypes based on the VP2 variable region and emphasizes that these criteria may not be sufficient for the classification of IBDV strains.

ABSTRACT

The fusion gene sequence of six Newcastle disease virus escape mutants revealed that residues important for the integrity of antigenic site 1 and antigenic site 2 were located, respectively, on the F2 subunit and within the cysteine-rich domain of the F1 subunit. We further report the antibody-binding capacity of these mutants.

This study has confirmed, by the use of immunological and molecular tools, that the recent failures of vaccination against infectious bursal disease (IBD) encountered in Europe were not related to antigenic variation, but to increased virulence of the circulating IBD virus strains. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) showed that the vaccines of intermediate virulence and the pathogenic strain 849VB had a similar pattern of reactivity in ss neutralization tests. Four distinct epitopes could be defined in seroneutralization and addition ELISA tests. All neutralizing Mabs bound to the structural VP2 protein only in its native form. Moreover, Mabs which did not neutralize some strains precipitated well the VP2 protein from extracts of cells infected with the same virus. This suggests that slight changes in the conformation of the epitope were sufficient to allow the virus to escape to neutralization. VP2 sequencing results confirmed that the neutralizing epitopes are clustered in the variable domain which is highly hydrophobic and flanked by two major hy-drophilic peaks. Three potential 'minor' antigenic sites were identified within the hydrophobic region. Comparison of the VP2 sequence of 849VB strain with other highly virulent isolates showed that they are close together and clearly distinct from 'classical' strains. Moreover, sequencing of IBD vaccines revealed that some of them had not been cloned.

Foodborne diseases are a global concern. In Brazil, the most prevalent pathogen found in foodborne outbreaks is Salmonella sp. (14.4%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%), Escherichia coli (6.5%), and Bacillus cereus (3.1%). With the aim to perform a regional detailed analysis of foodborne intoxication, we analyzed 253 outbreaks' profile reports to Food Surveillance team of the General Secretariat of Health Surveillance of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, between 2003 and 2013. In contrast to what was most notified in Brazil, in Porto Alegre the main outbreak agent identified was Bacillus cereus (32.2%) and, based on the patient symptoms, most cases were linked to enterotoxin production. The majority of the outbreaks were linked to the ingestion of food containing cereals or sauces poorly kept at environment temperature during the stock or preparation. We believe that, due to the compulsory use of pasteurized eggs in our city, Salmonella sp. outbreaks are less important here.