In this study, was evaluated the action lethal and sublethal of three formulations of Annona species extracts (A. mucosa, A. muricata and A. sylvatica) on adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1852) (Dipt e r a : Te p h r i t i d a e ) a n d y o u r s p a r a s i t o i d Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In addition, the efficacy of the selected toxic bait formulations was evaluated by mixing them with different food attractants (Anamed™, 3% Biofruit and 7% sugarcane molasses). From the use of the discriminatory concentration (2000 mg L-1), only A. mucosa caused mortality of C. capitata of more than 85% in ingestion and topical application bioassays, equivalent a spinosyn-based insecticide (control positive). In toxic bait formulation with the tested food attractants, the extracts had a residual effect (mortality ≥80% C. capitata) up to 14 days after applying treatments (DAAT) in the absence of rain. Based on the LC90 (1984.20 mg L −1 ) values estimated from the concentration-response curves for C. capitata, A. mucosa caused less than 40% adult mortality of the parasitoid D. longicaudata in the ingestion bioassay. However, both treatments showed no sublethal effects (parasitism reduction) over time. In addition, in bioassays with and without choice, there was a significant reduction in the number of punctures and galls caused by females and larvae of C. capitata, respectively, in grape berries in the presence of dry residues of all evaluated treatments. The A. mucosa seed extract was considered the most promising product for use in C. capitata management programs, particularly in organic-based systems, due to its selectivity to D. longicaudata.
Essential oils (EOs) produced by plants in the Lamiaceae family may provide new insecticidal molecules. Novel control compounds are needed to control Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a severe economic invasive pest of thin-skinned fruit crops. Thus, we characterized the main compounds of EOs from three rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis ecotypes (ECOs) and evaluated their toxicity to D. suzukii adults, deterrence of oviposition behavior, and histological alterations in larvae. Additionally, we analyzed the lethal and sublethal effect on the pupal parasitoid Trichopria anastrephae. The main compounds identified in the R. officinalis ECOs were α-pinene, camphor and 1,8-cineole. In bioassays via topical application or ingestion, ECOs and their major compounds showed high toxicity on D. suzukii adults and a lower concentration could kill 50% and 90% of flies compared to spinetoram. The dry residues of a-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor provided a repellent effect by reducing D. suzukii oviposition by ~47% compared to untreated fruit. Histological sections of 3rd instar larval D. suzukii posttreatment revealed damage to the fat body, Malpighian tubules, brain, salivary gland, and midgut, which contributed to high larval and pupal mortality. Survival and parasitism by adult T. anastrephae were not affected. Thus, R. officinalis EO and their compounds have potential for developing novel insecticides to manage D. suzukii.
The spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is one of the main invasive pests of small fruits in the world. Thus, 19 essential oils (EOs) were selected to analyze the effects through toxicity and repellency on oviposition and D. suzukii adults. In addition, their lethal and sublethal effects on the pupal endoparasitoid Trichopria anastrephae were evaluated. The EOs of C. flexuosus and Mentha spp. had the highest toxicity observed in the topical application bioassay for D. suzukii. In contrast, the EOs of C. verum, C. citratus QT citratus, and C. winterianus showed the highest toxicity in the ingestion bioassay for D. suzukii. The dry residues of C. verum and C. citratus QT citratus reduced the oviposition of D. suzukii. In the repellency bioassays, the 19 EOs analyzed repelled ≅ 90% of the D. suzukii females. All EOs evaluated using the LC90 values of the products provided mortality of less than 20% of T. anastrephae adults and did not cause a reduction in the parasitism of surviving T. anastrephae females. We conclude that the EOs evaluated have the potential to be used in the management of D. suzukii. They can also serve as selective active ingredients for the formulation and synthesis of new biopesticides.
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