Antibodies to the peptides that induce differentiation of midgut larval stem cells, the midgut differentiating factors MDF-2, MDF-3, and MDF-4, bind to columnar cells in midgut cultures and in intact midgut of Heliothis virescens, in manners similar to the binding of anti- MDF-1 to those tissues. Antibodies to MDF-2 and MDF-3 also stained droplets in the midgut lumen, suggesting that columnar cells may also release MDF-2- and MDF-3-like cytokines to the lumen. Antibody to MDF-4 exhibited similar staining patterns but also recognized stem and differentiating cells, the presumed targets of peptides that regulate stem cell differentiation. Antibody to MDF-4 also bound to one type of endocrine cell in midgut cultures and in sections of midgut, as well as to the endocrine secretion released both to the midgut lumen and the hemolymph. Antibodies to the MDFs 1, 2, and 3, incubated with cultures of midgut cells, did not appear to prevent differentiation of the stem cells in the cultures but affected viability of mature cells, reflected in increased apoptosis and doubling of the number of differentiating cells compared to controls. Only antibody to MDF-4 induced temporary necrosis and inhibition of population recovery, indicating that MDF4 may be the true differentiation factor. The other MDFs may have additional functions beyond regulation of midgut stem cell differentiation in vivo.
We examined the effects of olive leaf powder on cholesterol metabolism, using the rats fed on high cholesterol diets. The olive powder was treated by steam explosion.Besides a group of rats fed on a control diet AIN G , we made three groups fed on different kinds of high cholesterol diets: the basic one, the one containing the olive leaf powder add , and another containing olive leaf extract . add .Through feeding the rats during the test period, the values of total bile acids and total lipids in the feces decreased signifi cantly in the group fed on the olive leaf powder and that fed on the olive leaf extract. The values of total cholesterol in the feces and triglyceride in the liver decreased signifi cantly in the group fed on the olive leaf extract. These results indicate that the olive leaf powder facilitates the lipid absorption and the bile acid reabsorption in the ileum. This function may be due to oleuropein, the major polyphenol in olive leaves.Olea europaea
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