The quantitative excited energy transfer reaction between cationic porphyrins on an anionic clay surface was successfully achieved. The efficiency reached up to ca. 100% owing to the "Size-Matching Rule" as described in the text. It was revealed that the important factors for the efficient energy transfer reaction are (i) suppression of the self-quenching between adjacent dyes, and (ii) suppression of the segregated adsorption structure of two kinds of dyes on the clay surface. By examining many different kinds of porphyrins, we found that tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin (m-TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (p-TMPyP) are the suitable porphyrins to accomplish a quantitative energy transfer reaction. These findings indicate that the clay/porphyrin complexes are promising and prospective candidates to be used for construction of an efficient artificial light-harvesting system.

The state-of-the-art of research on artificial photosynthesis is briefly reviewed. Insights into how Nature takes electrons from water, the photon-flux density of sunlight, the time scale for the arrival of the next photon (electron-hole) at the oxygen-evolving complex, how Nature solves the photon-flux-density problem, and how we can get through the bottleneck of water oxidation are discussed. An alternate route for a two-electron process induced by one-photon excitation is postulated for getting through the bottleneck of water oxidation.

We have been investigating complexes composed of nanolayered materials with anionic charges such as clay nanosheets and dye molecules such as cationic porphyrins. It was found that the structure of dye assembly on the layered materials can be effectively controlled by the use of electrostatic host-guest interaction. The intermolecular distance, the molecular orientation angle, the segregation/integration behavior, and the immobilization strength of the dyes can be controlled in the clay-dye complexes. The mechanism to control these structural factors has been discussed and was established as a size-matching effect. Unique photochemical reactions such as energy transfer through the use of this methodology have been examined. Almost 100% efficiency of the energy-transfer reaction was achieved in the clay-porphyrin complexes as a typical example for an artificial light-harvesting system. Control of the molecular orientation angle is found to be useful in regulating the energy-transfer efficiency and in preparing photofunctional materials exhibiting solvatochromic behavior. Through our study, clay minerals turned out to serve as protein-like media to control the molecular position, modify the properties of the molecule, and provide a unique environment for chemical reactions.

Photochemical CO2 reduction sensitized by rhenium–bipyridyl complexes has been studied through multiple approaches during the past several decades. However, a key reaction intermediate, the CO2-coordinated Re–bipyridyl complex, which should govern the activity of CO2 reduction in the photocatalytic cycle, has never been detected in a direct way. In this study on photoreduction of CO2 catalyzed by the 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dmbpy) complex, [Re(dmbpy)(CO)3Cl] (1), we successfully detect the solvent-coordinated Re complex [Re(dmbpy)(CO)3DMF] (2) as the light-absorbing species to drive photoreduction of CO2. The key intermediate, the CO2-coordinated Re–bipyridyl complex, [Re(dmbpy)(CO)3(COOH)], is also successfully detected for the first time by means of cold-spray ionization spectrometry (CSI-MS). Mass spectra for a reaction mixture with isotopically labeled 13CO2 provide clear evidence for the incorporation of CO2 into the Re–bipyridyl complex. It is revealed that the starting chloride complex 1 was rapidly transformed into the DMF-coordinated Re complex 2 through the initial cycle of photoreduction of CO2. The observed induction period in the time profile of the CSI-MS signals can well explain the subsequent formation of the CO2-coordinated intermediate from the solvent-coordinated Re–bipyridyl complex. An FTIR study of the reaction mixture in dimethyl sulfoxide clearly shows the appearance of a signal at 1682 cm–1, which shifts to 1647 cm–1 for the 13CO2-labeled counterpart; this is assigned as the CO2-coordinated intermediate, ReII–COOH. Thus, a detailed understanding has now been obtained for the mechanism of the archetypical photochemical CO2 reduction sensitized by a Re–bipyridyl complex.

Nonfibrillar assemblies of amyloid ␤-protein (A␤) are considered to play primary roles in Alzheimer disease (AD). Elucidating the assembly pathways of these specific aggregates is essential for understanding disease pathogenesis and developing knowledge-based therapies. However, these assemblies cannot be monitored in vivo, and there has been no reliable in vitro monitoring method at low protein concentration. We have developed a highly sensitive in vitro monitoring method using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and toxicity assays. Using A␤ labeled at the N terminus or Lys 16 , we uncovered two distinct assembly pathways. One leads to highly toxic 10 -15-nm spherical A␤ assemblies, termed amylospheroids (ASPDs). The other leads to fibrils. The first step in ASPD formation is trimerization. ASPDs of ϳ330 kDa in mass form from these trimers after 5 h of slow rotation. Up to at least 24 h, ASPDs remain the dominant structures in assembly reactions. Neurotoxicity studies reveal that the most toxic ASPDs are ϳ128 kDa (ϳ32-mers). In contrast, fibrillogenesis begins with dimer formation and then proceeds to formation of 15-40-nm spherical intermediates, from which fibrils originate after 15 h. Unlike ASPD formation, the Lys 16 -labeled peptide disturbed fibril formation because the A␤ 16 -20 region is critical for this final step. These differences in the assembly pathways clearly indicated that ASPDs are not fibril precursors. The method we have developed should facilitate identifying A␤ assembly steps at which inhibition may be beneficial.

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fac-Re(bpy) (CO) 3 Cl (bpy ) 2,2′-bipyridine) and similar complexes are known to act as photocatalysts for the reduction of CO 2 to CO in the presence of electron donors. However, these complexes do not have significant absorption in the visible region. In a separate publication, we have reported the successful combination of fac-Re(bpy)(CO) 4 Cl with a zinc porphyrin that has strong absorption in the visible region to produce the ZnTMP-Re(bpy)(NHAc) dyad(5-{4-[N-4′-(rhenium(I)tricarbonylchloride-4-acetylamino-2,2′-bipyridyl)-carbamoyl]phenyl}-10,15,20-trimesityl-porphyrinatozinc(II)). In that paper we reported the photochemical reduction of CO 2 using excitation of the porphyrin upper excited singlet state, S 2 state (visible region), in the dyad. The very wide visible light region is able to be utilized by the sensitizer. In the present work, as regards the detailed molecular mechanism, we have demonstrated the direct electron transfer from the Zn porphyrin S 2 state to the Re complex in the dyad by ultrafast transient spectroscopy. The fluorescence of the dyad was quenched by 67% compared to that of ZnTMP(COOMe) (5,10,15-trimesityl-20-[4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]porphyrinatozinc) in DMF, measured from the steady-state fluorescence spectrum. The lifetime of the ZnTMP-Re(bpy)(NHAc) S 2 state was revealed to be 0.53 ps by time-resolved fluorescence and 0.56 ps by transient absorption decay, while that of ZnTMP(COOMe) was 1.6 ps. The porphyrin cation radical was actually identified in the time-resolved absorption spectrum. These are concrete evidence of electron transfer from the porphyrin S 2 state to the Re complex. The lifetime of the charge-separated state for ZnTMP-Re(bpy)(NHAc) was also estimated to be 90 ( 10 ps from the time-resolved absorption decay. † Part of the "Hiroshi Masuhara Festschrift".

The mechanism inducing the unique absorption spectral shifts of porphyrin molecules upon adsorption on the clay surface was experimentally confirmed to be the flattening of the meso substituent with respect to the plane of the porphyrin ring. We investigated the spectral shift systematically by using seven types of porphyrin derivatives, differing in their center metal, meso substituent, and number of cationic sites. The aggregation, which usually induces the spectral shift, is suppressed in our clay/porphyrin systems. The adsorption strengths of porphyrin molecules on the clay surface were estimated as the relative adsorption equilibrium constants K rel. The seven types of porphyrins studied had different values of K rel, which can be explained by the steric effect and the Coulomb interaction due to the differences in the molecular structure. The obtained K rel values have interesting information of the photochemical property of the clay/porphyrin complexes. The absorption spectral shifts of the porphyrin Soret bands between those in the bulk solution and those on the clay surface are well related to K rel values. Like this, by the systematic experiments using the series of porphyrin derivatives, it was directly confirmed that the flattening of the molecule is the dominant mechanism for the spectral shift on the surface of inorganic nanosheets.