Measured Equation of Invariance(MEI) is a new concept in computational electromagnetics. It has been demonstrated that the MEI technique can be used to terminate the meshes very close to the object boundary and still strictly preserves the sparsity of the FD equations. Therefore, the nal system matrix encountered by MEI is a sparse matrix with size similar to that of integral equation methods. However, complicated Green's function and disagreeable Sommerfeld integrals make the traditional MEI very dicult, if not impossible, to be applied to analyze multilayer and multiconductor interconnects. In this paper, we propose the Geometry Independent MEI(GIMEI) which substantially improved the original MEI method. We use GIMEI for capacitance extraction of general three-dimension VLSI interconnect. Numerical results are i n g o o d agreement with published data and those obtained by using FASTCAP [1], while GIMEI is generally an order of magnitude faster than FASTCAP and uses signicant less memory than FAST-CAP.
Objects: We carried out an investigation to clarify the real state of indoor air pollution by chlorpyrifos (termiticide) and exposure to chlorpyrifos of residents by measuring its urinary metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) as an exposure index, such as biological monitoring.Methods: The investigation was conducted in 43 individual houses with termiticide application (whether the termiticide was chlorpyrifos is uncertain) and 3 control houses without any termiticide application in Kagawa, Japan. Urine samples were collected from 46 healthy adult residents of the aforementioned houses.Results: Chlorpyrifos in indoor air in the control houses was not detected (ND<1 ng/m 3 , n=3), while 41 of 43 houses with termiticide application showed 1-350 ng/m 3 . Although the chlorpyrifos concentrations in these 41 houses did not exceeded the indoor air quality guideline of 1000 ng/m 3 , but 3 houses were higher than the guideline 100 ng/m 3 for children in Japan. Urinary TCP concentrations of 0.1-7.8 ng/mg·creatinine were detected in 41 residents from the 41 houses where chlorpyrifos had been detected. The chlorpyrifos concentration and the urinary TCP revealed a positive correlation (r=0.5468, p<0.01, n=41).Conclusions: The immediate health hazard from air born chlorpyrifos in the examined houses was negligible, but the findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals which may contaminate indoor air and to assess the risk of prolonged exposure to such chemicals. The measuring of urinary metabolite TCP of chlorpyrifos via biological monitoring would be useful, allowing comprehensive evaluation of the exposure to chlorpyrifos in indoor air.
Measured Equation of Invariance(MEI) is a new concej't in computational electromagnetics. It has been demonstrated that the M E I technique can be used t o terminate the meshes very close to the object boundary and still strictly preserves the sparsity of the F D equations. Therefore, the final system matrzx encountered by M E I is a sparse matrix with site similar t o that of integral equation methods. Howe v w , complicated Green's function and disagreeable Sommwfeld integrals make the traditional M E I very dificult, if not impossible, t o be applied t o analyze multilayer and multiconductor interconnects. In this paper, we propose the Geometry Independent MEI(GIMEI) which substantially improved the original M E I method. W e use G I M E Ifov capacitance extraction of general three-dimension VLSI inkerconnect. Numerical results are in good agreement with published data and those obtained by using F A S T C A P [l], while G I M E I is generally an order of magnitude faster than FfLSTCAP and uses significant less memory than F A S T -CAP.
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