This article reconstructs and analyzes the memories of women who were in the city of Valparaíso on September 11, 1973, the day of the coup d’état in Chile. Research participants were six women from the Valparaíso region, militants of leftist parties, and survivors of political imprisonment and torture during the Chilean civil-military dictatorship. We conducted a focus group and two semi-structured individual interviews. Data analysis was carried out in two stages: the first one phenomenological-hermeneutic and the second one based on Grounded Theory. The research results show that the day of the coup d’état in Valparaíso is remembered by women as a mighty and irrevocable milestone, functioning as a biographical event. The coup d’état means a before and after in civic experiences in social, political, and historical aspects and in the dwelling manners of the city.
Much of the research conducted on transitional justice in Chile has focused on social memory and memory policies. However, limited attention has been paid to the process of memorial production taking place in specific spaces and places during the postdictatorship period. The present study examines how five Chilean memory sites perform this task by means of 16 interviews with people linked to these places in some way (e.g., as workers, volunteers, visitors, or academics). On the basis of data produced, an analysis of biographic and contextual elements was conducted using the thematic networks technique (Attride-Stirling, 2001). The authors argue that, in line with the Chilean context, the memorial production of these sites is marked by tensions derived from internal factors and from their contact with the State and other members of the community.
ABSTRACT∞
We have recently witnessed two political milestones in Chile: the social uprising of 18 October 2019 and, currently, the drafting of a new political constitution. In this context and based on data from interdisciplinary research on political and post-dictatorial culture, this article aims to present the conceptions of justice held by stakeholders in transitional justice efforts in Chile. The results reveal that the conception of justice has gone from being centred on retributive and, residually, restorative justice to focusing on social or distributive justice. We conclude that a new constitution that includes this expanded notion of justice – which has been observed in the last decade and crystallized in the demands manifested in the social uprising – would represent the completion of a lengthy political transition.
La crisis del cuidado que fue acentuada por la experiencia pandémica por COVID-19 ha puesto en evidencia cómo las mujeres cuidadoras informales de personas dependientes asumen, con su propio cuerpo, una falta de corresponsabilidad social que distribuya de manera más justa el trabajo de cuidado que sigue sujeto a una desvalorización económica, social y cultural. En este marco, nuestro objetivo corresponderá a aportar a la comprensión acerca de cómo están siendo desplegadas territorialmente las relaciones sociales que protegen o vulneran la práctica del cuidado informal. Para ello, la investigación se sostiene en una metodología de perfil interpretativo, método cualitativo y la realización de una cartografía participativa, considerando la información producida desde la perspectiva del análisis narrativo. Este procedimiento se aplicó a una muestra constituida por 25 cuidadoras pertenecientes a seis sectores de una comuna de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Los resultados evidencian que la cuidadora informal de personas dependientes participa del territorio en disputas de relaciones con lo público, lo privado y lo ciudadano, y particularmente en las dimensiones de lugar y tiempo, enfrentando constantes dismovilidades y desincronizaciones que obstaculizan el ejercicio del cuidado como un derecho exigible a la organización social actual.
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