Onconase (ONC) from Rana pipiens is the smallest member of the ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily. Despite a tertiary structure similar to RNase A, ONC is distinguished by an extremely high thermodynamic stability. In the present paper we have probed the significance of three structural regions, which exhibit structural peculiarities in comparison to RNase A, for the stability of ONC to temperature and guanidine hydrochloride induced denaturation: (i) the N-terminal pyroglutamate residue, (ii) the hydrophobic cluster between helix I and the first beta-sheet, and (iii) the C-terminal disulfide bond. For this purpose, the enzyme variants

This is the first report that ghrelin suppresses the secretion of LH and FSH in women. These findings resemble those in male and female animals and in men.

BACKGROUND Long-term trends of the incidence and outcome of cardiogenic shock (CS) patients are scarce. We analyze for the first time trends in the incidence and outcome of CS during a 20-year period in Switzerland. METHODS AND RESULTS The AMIS (Acute Myocardial Infarction in Switzerland) Plus Registry enrolls patients with acute myocardial infarction from 83 hospitals in Switzerland. We analyzed trends in the incidence, treatment, and in-hospital mortality of patients with CS enrolled between 1997 and 2017. The impact of revascularization strategy on outcome was assessed for the time period 2005 to 2017. Among 52 808 patients enrolled, 963 patients were excluded because of missing data and 51 842 (98%) patients remained for the purpose of the present analysis. Overall, 4090 patients (7.9%) with a mean age of 69.6±12.5 years experienced acute myocardial infarction complicated by CS. Overall, rates of CS declined from 8.

Cytotrophoblast (CT) cell fusion into a syncytiotrophoblast is obligatory for placentation and mediated by the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-W envelope gene Syncytin-1. Abnormal placentation is associated with preeclampsia (PE), HELLP and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In placentogenesis, the MAP-kinase p38α regulates PPARγ/RXRα signaling and target genes, like leptin, resistin, ABCG2, and hCG. The aim of this study was to analyze PPARγ/RXRα signaling and target gene regulation using primary CT cultures, the trophoblastic cell line BeWo and placental tissues from patients with normal and abnormal placentation. CT from four different human control placentae and BeWo cells demonstrated that Syncytin-1, other signaling members and CT cell fusions were regulated with PPARγ/RXRα activators troglitazone and 9-cis retinoic acid, via protein kinase A and p38α inhibition. Significant discordant regulations between CTs and BeWo were found. Two PPARγ/RXRα-response-elements from upstream regulatory elements and the 5'LTR of HERV-W were confirmed with DNA-protein binding assays using nuclear extracts and recombinant PPARγ/RXRα proteins. These promoter elements were validated with luciferase assays in the presence of PPARγ/RXRα modulators. Furthermore, troglitazone or 9-cis retinoic acid treatment of siRNA-PPARγ and siRNA-RXRα transfected BeWo cells proved the requirement of these proteins for Syncytin-1 regulation. Thirty primary abnormal placentae from PE, HELLP and IUGR patients compared to 10 controls showed significant deregulation of leptin RNA and protein, p38α, phospho-p38α, PPARγ, ABCG2, INSL4 and Syncytin-1. Our study characterized PPARγ/RXRα signaling in human CT and cell fusions identifying Syncytin-1 as a new target gene. Based on these results, a disturbed PPARγ/RXRα pathway could contribute to pathological human pregnancies.