Valued in hundreds of billions of Malaysian ringgit, the Bursa Malaysia Financial Services Index’s constituents comprise several of the strongest performing financial constituents in Bursa Malaysia’s Main Market. Although these constituents persistently reside mostly within the large market capitalization (cap), the existence of the individual constituent’s causal influence or intensity relative to each other’s performance during uncertain or even certain times is unknown. Thus, the key purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the individual constituent’s causal intensity, from early 2018 (pre-COVID-19) to the end of the year 2021 (post-COVID-19) using Granger causality and Schreiber transfer entropy. Furthermore, network science is used to measure and visualize the fluctuating causal degree of the source and the effected constituents. The results show that both the Granger causality and Schreiber transfer entropy networks detected patterns of increasing causality from pre- to post-COVID-19 but with differing causal intensities. Unexpectedly, both networks showed that the small- and mid-caps had high causal intensity during and after COVID-19. Using Bursa Malaysia’s sub-sector for further analysis, the Insurance sub-sector rapidly increased in causality as the year progressed, making it one of the index’s largest sources of causality. Even after removing large amounts of weak causal intensities, Schreiber transfer entropy was still able to detect higher amounts of causal sources from the Insurance sub-sector, whilst Granger causal sources declined rapidly post-COVID-19. The method of using directed temporal networks for the visualization of temporal causal sources is demonstrated to be a powerful approach that can aid in investment decision making.
The shift of programming paradigm (PP)s is referred to as the transfer from a prior learnt PP to another new PP. The inability for a programmer to shift to a new PP could cause some potential problems to their programming solutions. In this paper, a preliminary analysis to uncover several research questions and potential problems that impact the shift of PPs was conducted. Since the main programming workforce comes from the institution of higher learning, the institution's current implementation of PP courses will be discussed. In order to get current and professional views on PPs, difficulty of learning a new PP and the importance of PPs in the industry, an online close-ended survey was deployed to a group of experienced computing and computer-related professionals. Since postgraduate (PG) Computer Science (CS) students have substantial experience learning PPs and the CS field in general, several PG CS students were also informally interviewed. The results from the survey, informal interview and cited literature were used to support the development of the research questions. From the survey, many stressed that PPs are essential to understand in order to work in the industry. Also, it has been found from the survey that poor teaching style is the main contributor for the difficulty of learning a new PP.
The imperative programming paradigm (PP) has been used since the conception of the Von Neumann (VN) architecture. However, the imperative PP has been rarely discussed or put into today's perspective since the advancement of other PPs such as object-oriented, agent, concurrent, parallel, etc. Nevertheless, the understanding and selection of (fundamental) PP(s) are crucial in order to select and solve a programming problem effectively. Since the imperative PP is one of the fundamental PPs that abstracted other higher level PPs, its importance is of course unquestionable. Still, finding a dedicated paper that describes the imperative PP and its impact to today's current PPs and devices can be quite a task. This paper is a dedicated and current paper that will cover the ideas of the imperative PP and discusses its impact to the development of current and more advanced PPs, subsequently discussing the impact of programming approaches to various prior and current devices such as parallel smart mobile devices. It will also discuss the limitations of the imperative and how this hasled to the development of current PPs. The problems of transferring to various other PPs will also be discussed. Although other advanced PPs have been dominating the development world, the importance of the imperative PP is still significant since machines are still running under the fundamental VN model where the imperative is derived from.
Digital computers that automate manufacturing process are an important aspect for any manufacturing engineers in the modern world. Selection of the programming paradigm (PP), as well as the programming language (PL) that supports it, is crucial to ensure the correct ideas are being used to automate the solution of the problem. In current Malaysian Higher institution practices, various PPs and PLs courses are offered to current undergraduate manufacturing majors. An online survey was deployed to experienced manufacturing engineers from various manufacturing specializations in the industry. Graduates from one of Malaysias public universities, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) have been chosen for this particular study. From the survey, it has been found that almost 80% of the participants agreed that PPs are important for manufacturing graduates. It was found out that 90% of the participants were from intermediate (scale of 3) until poor (scale of 1) to express their ability to explain PPs if asked. Only about 10% are able to explain on PPs (scale of 4 and 5). The study concluded that majority of the manufacturing graduates from IIUM agreed that PP is an important subject to be taught in university. However, it was found the majority of the manufacturing graduates lack the knowledge and understanding of PPs and general PLs.
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